Alternative Drink Industry Analysis

Alternative Drink industry analysis 1. Do a complete five-forces analysis of competition in the global alternative drink industry, then tell me which of the five competitive forces is strong, weak, and why. Especially in the force of rivalry (one of the 5 forces), you must identify the market size, growth rate, profit margins, what are the main categories in the alternative drink industry, who are the major competitors and their relative sizes, the competition scope, the main competition weapons) 2.Briefly identify 6 to 7 key success factors in the alternative drink industry 3. What are the other economic traits that are outside the industry but still can affect all competitors (for example, overall economy trend, long term innovation, globalization, maturity stage of the industry, relevant legislation, etc. )? Briefly explain how these factors can affect the industry. Notes: 1. —————————————â €”——- What are the strategically relevant components of the global and U.S. beverage industry macro-environment? How do the economic characteristics of the alternative beverage segment of the industry differ from that of other beverage categories? Explain. The strategically relevant components of the global and U. S. beverage industry macro-environment: †¢ Global beverage companies such as Coca Cola and PepsiCo had relied on such beverages to sustain in volume growth in mature markets where consumers were reducing their consumption of carbonated soft drinks. Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, and other beverage companies were intent on expanding the market for alternative beverages by introducing energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin drinks in more and more emerging international markets. †¢ Beverage producers had made various attempts at increasing the size of the market for alternative beverages by extending existing product lines and developing altogether new pro ducts. Expanding the market for alternatives beverages and increasing sales and market share, beverage producers also were forced to content with criticism from some that energy drinks, energy shots, and relaxation drinks presented health risks for consumers and that some producers’ strategies promoted reckless behavior, the primary concern of most producers of energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages was how to best improve their competitive standing in the market place. Rapid growth in the category, coupled with premium prices and high profit margins made alternative beverages an important part of beverage companies’ lineup of brands. The Alternative Beverage Segment Help Companies to Sustain Volume Growth in Mature Markets Where Consumers Were Reducing Their Consumption of Carbonated Soft Drinks. Also the Alternative Beverage Industry Offered 2. What is competition like in the alternative beverage industry? Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? What competitive forces seem to have the greatest effect on industry attractiveness and the potential profitability of new entrants?Competition from substitutes is substantial. There were many substitutes to alternative beverages such as tea, soft drinks, fruit juices, bottled water and tap water. Even though substitute products had a bigger market share in the US, consumers had tended to buy more alternative beverages. This change in customer preference had weakened the competitive power of substitute beverages. Convenience store, grocery store, and wholesale club buyers had substantial leverage in negotiating pricing and slotting fees with alternative beverage producers because of their large purchases.New brands with low market shares were most vulnerable to buyer leverage since shelf space was limited while top brands such as Red Bull were almost always assured of shelf space. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo were least vulnerable since they offered a wide var iety of beverages that convenience stores, grocery stores, and wholesale clubs wished to offer to consumers. As a result of this certain appeal, the two companies’ alternative beverage brands almost always found shelf space in retail stores. The bargaining power and leverage of suppliers was the weakest competitive force.Many suppliers for alternative beverage ingredients and they fight with the others to sell their products. Packaging is readily available from many suppliers and is like a commodity. However, some rare ingredients providers had a moderate amount of leverage in negotiations with energy drink producers. Additionally, the producers of alternative beverages are important customers of suppliers and buy in large quantities. The threat of new brands varies by market maturity of each alternative beverage category. It has low threat for mature categories and moderate to strong in young categories.During the early stages of developing a category, when famous brand lead ers had not been established, the threat of entry in alternative beverage categories remained strong. As a result, entrepreneurs launching new beverages with novel formulas or well-developed image campaigns could quickly gain market share among consumers. However, as the category matured, consumer preferences developed and shaped retailers’ purchasing decisions. Once the category had established, its brand leaders, it became much more difficult for new entrants to gain shelf space in convenience stores, supermarkets, and wholesale clubs.Therefore, in 2010, the threat of entry should be lower for all types of alternative beverages except energy shots and relaxation drinks. The competence among sellers of alternative beverage could be considered as the strongest competitive force. Among the sellers of energy drinks and other alternative beverages, competition is so strong and will grow stronger each year. Competition among major brands centers primarily on brand image, an appea ling taste, attractive packaging, new product R&D, sales promotions and endorsements, and gaining better access to shelf space and strengthening distribution capabilities.As for 2010, there was no evidence of strong price competition in any of the alternative beverage categories, which makes it difficult to argue that competitive rivalry is fierce or brutal. Factors that increase the strength of competitive rivalry included efforts on the part of industry rivals to expand the number and types of alternative beverages in their product lines, low switching costs on the part of consumers, active and aggressive efforts on the part of sellers to establish consumer brand loyalty, and strong emphasis on advertising, sales promotions, and endorsements.MLA â€Å"Competition in Energy Drinks, Sports Drink, and Vitamin-Enhanced. † StudyMode. com. 28 Sep. 2011. . â€Å"Competition in Energy Drinks, Sports Drink, and Vitamin-Enhanced. † StudyMode. com. September 28, 2011. http://ww w. studymode. com/essays/Competition-In-Energy-Drinks-Sports-Drink-788697. html.

Being Wrong Chapter 5

Samantha Merlin October 14, 2012 IGE 120 MWF 11:45-12:50 Reading Response: Being Wrong: Chapter 5 by Kathryn Schultz At the beginning of chapter 5 â€Å"Our Minds, Part Two: Belief† Schultz informs us that Alan Greenspan testifies before congress on October 23, 2008 because of the financial crisis. The chapter then leads on to expand on theâ€Å"Greenspan moments† which is basically when beliefs fail us. Belief in casual conversation is a conscious belief, such as morality, politics, ourselves or others.Philosophers include all unconscious beliefs too, like believing that the sky is dark outside if you're in your bedroom at night with the blinds closed and that the sun won't rise for many more hours and when it does it will do so in the east. Both explicit beliefs like â€Å"everyone hates me† and implicit ones â€Å"the sky is blue† serve as a function of helping me figure out where to sit when I enter a room. Once an implicit assumption is violated, it b ecomes explicit. If I suddenly fall through the floor, my implicit assumptions about the solidity of the floor suddenly appear in my conscious.The beliefs at the acute ends of the implicit and explicit range breaks down most strikingly when they are revealed incorrectly. However, holding a belief can have many outcomes. Belief in overall perspective led to spending $300 million and $30 million per year on LIGO. We have distal beliefs because we need to be able to theorize about some things, but end up theorizing about everything. The theorizing process is quick and automated and doesn't require us to intentionally activate it, so we cant stop theorizing. We tend to mainly notice our theories when they're wrong.Babies as young as seven months are already theorizing about gravity. Alison Gopnik assumed that the theory drive exists particularly esfor early childhood, but functions throughout lives, just like sex drive exists precisely for fertile years, but works before and after. Alth ough we are good at making theories, we are not good at realizing we made them. We have a tendency toward â€Å"Naive realism† which means that our perception matches reality. Anyhow, this can not be true because there are things that we can not perceive like infrared and molecules.All children under the age of four are Naive realists because they believe that we can not believe things that are wrong. The chapters main idea was that if you believe that your beliefs are true, you will assume that those that disagree with you are ignorant of facts, are idiots or evil. Just from reading this chapter I have come to the conclusion that Schulz takes on a heavy topic that most of us don't understand. The broad majority of people either feel they have to be right at all costs, or that being wrong is a personal failure.In reality, being wrong is what helps us grow and understand our world better. It was impossible not to think about politics while reading this, either. Each political party has a hard and fast set of beliefs that define them, and anyone not advocating to those beliefs is wrong and needs to be corrected. Unluckily, even when presented with evidence to the contrary relating to one of their closely-held views, it is nearly impossible for the person to adjust their thinking and admit they were wrong. There's no discussion and consideration of views to come up with a compromise or to learn from others.It's often a duel to the death to be right while proving the other person wrong. In the end, nobody gains from that. In class i'd like to discuss whether people thought that Being Wrong had a great message and can make a difference in someone's life or thought it can't cause any type of dramatic change of perspective. I feel that it can make a person's life more productive and enjoyable. Unfortunately, I have little hope that the average man on the street who is affected by the need to always be right will ever take the time to read and understand the me ssage of this chapter or the whole book in general.

Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality

Pixelcase in Australia is the organization using the revolutionary use of the augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). The following report outlines the above factors providing the problem statements and benefits of the technologies. For the past few years Pixelcase experimented over photogrammetry under VR. This helped one of the effective workflows of VR modeling in the world. They have also developed their own linear scanning software of automated drone increasing the VR experience qualities. The VR photogrammetry currently transports the users in the VR to the walkable, tangible and real locations anywhere in the world. The service has been appropriate for asset management, film, education, museums, heritage and many more (Biocca and Levy 2013). The augmented reality has been related with the advertisement campaigns, science-fiction movies or gimmicked situations. The VR on the other hand has been created for the smart-phones. This is built as the standalone device and provided with powerful systems of gaming. There have been various real-life usages for these technologies (Dunleavy and Dede 2014). The trends related to AR are the AR headsets, mobile experiences, retail sectors and mixed reality.   The innovation in e-commerce is rapidly rising and AR is bringing the physical presence to the online shopping. The trends of VR lie in the fact that, the wireless virtual reality technology is creating a huge splash. This would also help in shopping. The Internet-of-Things has been making wireless VR more beautiful and dangerous.   This turns into the killer app for the phones and people might get addicted to it. The augmented reality has been the live view of the real world scenarios. Its elements are augmented via sensory inputs generated by computer like video, sound or GPS data. This enhances the reality of perception and the techniques are performed in the real time. This is done under the semantic context with the environmental elements like overlapping supplemental data (Barfield 2015). The VR is the computer technology that makes use of the VR headsets. This has been sometimes in assimilation with the multi-projected scenarios generating sounds, realistic images and sensations simulating the physical presence of the users in a virtual environment. People using the equipment could look around the new world with large quality movements interacting with virtual items (Earnshaw 2014). The problem statements regarding the technologies for Pixelcase are that why should they experiment with the technologies, how is VR suitable for their brands and their scopes in future market. The benefits lie in the fact that it would provide the consumer of Pixelcase to access events and locations. It is perfect for the brand because some industries would lend themselves to the technology more naturally like the entertainment companies. The trends of Pixelcase are researched in this report along with its potential applications. Both of the technologies have been earning lots of media attention promising tremendous rise. They could disrupt as well as reshape the current markets and the business models. Cloud processing and computing and auxiliary smart environment: This would enable the concepts of AR. Miniaturization of the devices: This rises the opportunities. Choosing place on the spectrum of the VR technology: This would help the journalists. Barfield, W. ed., 2015.  Fundamentals of wearable computers and augmented reality. CRC Press. Biocca, F. and Levy, M.R. eds., 2013.  Communication in the age of virtual reality. Routledge. Dunleavy, M. and Dede, C., 2014. Augmented reality teaching and learning. In  Handbook of research on educational communications and technology  (pp. 735-745). Springer New York. Earnshaw, R.A. ed., 2014.  Virtual reality systems. Academic press.

Asian art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Asian art - Essay Example Another difference is in the materials used. Simply by taking a detailed look at the Vairocana Buddha, one can begin to notice several significant elements of this piece that distinguish it as a unique piece of art even though it portrays a familiar and often reproduced (in smaller scale) image. Unlike many of the other Buddha statues that are made of a single block of stone, this statue is constructed in such a way that its natural life process has only contributed to its ability to communicate. It is made of hollowed out cedar wood coated, lacquered and then painted with gold leaf or paint. With the lacquer layer working to reflect any light that penetrates through the gold layer, this statue would have gleamed in any kind of illumination, presenting its viewers with a dazzling display of unearthly beauty and light that would chase itself and play along the different curves, angles and lines of the various sections of the piece. It’s approximately life-sized, which gives it an awesome power in its presentation, but also a familiarity and approachability that a larger statue might not have. It invites you to take a closer look and to get to know it on a personal level. The effect of the wearing surfaces, with gold remaining on some areas of the statue but exposed wood appearing in other areas, serves to heighten the experience for me. Although it wasn’t necessarily a part of the original intent, this aging effect immediately conveys the idea of ancient wisdom and abiding endurance.

The Australian Federal Government has proposed the mandatory filtering Essay

The Australian Federal Government has proposed the mandatory filtering of internet content, to make certain types of illegal content unavailable - Essay Example Through this, the people will know what they’re dealing with and will be able to create preventive measures on their own. Filtering of information can be considered as taking away a person’s right to get knowledge and learn from that information. With the filtering act, getting materials and information needed for studies and prevention, say for example child pornography and terrorism, will be limited, or even restricted. Access to the sites related to these extreme actions, including violence and sex, will allow people to figure out how to deal with these social problems and even eliminate it. Everyone has the right to know and learn, but if the public can only access limited information, people will crave for more to get the information and might result to more law violations and criminal acts. Even the rarest of the law that has ever been passed or implemented had violations on record, and since almost every person on earth is aware about the existence of internet and how materials for any reason can be accessed through it, people would still try to find a way to access it and obtain that information. With the technology nowadays, there are always means and ways to hack accounts. And the more restriction put into accessing certain websites would result to more incidents of hacking and infiltration. Aside from this, since the filtering act is a government project, the government may and can actually restrict information that would expose the bad side of the government. (Australia to Implement, 2008). Aside from television, radios and newspapers, the internet is also a reliable source to get information in current events. A lot of things happen in the government everyday and words spread faster in the internet. With the filtering act, the government can actually sort out information that they don’t want the

Safety at the Fire Emergency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Safety at the Fire Emergency - Essay Example Overloaded buildings are also dangerous when the fire starts. This includes structures such as warehouses and factories which are packed to the brim and hence increasing the number of casualties (NFPA 588). Wild land fire is the opposite of a structure fire because it happens outside in the wild without habitat. Fighting these types of fires is also dangerous because of weather conditions such as wind which changes the direction of the fire. It is also hard to predict which area will burn next as the fire changes every time. These fires take long to be controlled leading to burnout by the fire fighters and hence laxity which is dangerous when it comes to fires. Due to the uncontrollability of the fire, prevention efforts are more crucial than the actual fire fighting. The fire fighters have to enact measures to prevent the fire spreading to a wide area and control it on one place to make it easy to fight which involves starting other small fires (NFPA

Relationship and Marital Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Relationship and Marital Therapy - Essay Example It is a good that at present, most people do not perceive counseling or therapy this way, as they recognize the fact that it is not easy to maintain a satisfying marriage where all the needs of both parties are being answered (Perry n.d.). And since the family is still considered as the basic unit of society, most studies show that the conflicts within the parents is a major aspect of children having negative behaviors in general (Perry n.d.). Although â€Å"staying together† is not really the answer especially if marital trouble is present and looming inside the home. Some people may contend that they have married the wrong person so they are not really compatible with each other (Perry n.d.). But before marrying somebody, the differences of each is what normally attracts one to the other as â€Å"opposite poles attract.† It is likewise a wrong misconception that a marriage counselor or professional therapist can actually save a marriage. This not also true, since there is no professional who can or should give the assurance that they could save a marriage which is literally falling apart in the seams (Perry n.d.). Basically, a divorce may be the result of a therapist’s greatest attempt to prolong the marriage. And while others may not be in favor of it, pressures which steams out of family and church tradition to stay married are followed. And therapists are not advised to take side in the matter (Perry n.d.). Prior to actual marital therapy sessions, it would be most prudent for the therapist to utilize assessment tests which have a good reputation that will help decide and will be the basis of the type and length of therapy involved for a particular couple (Perry n.d.). These tests are normally based on research studies which gives an exceptional explanation of the relationship status. At times the test result pattern may be different from what the couples say during interviews. Also things may seem to

Analysis of Amusing Ourselves to Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Amusing Ourselves to Death - Essay Example Postman emphasizes the presentation of television news as a type of entertainment programming, claiming that addition of theme music, the disruption of commercials proving that television news lack seriousness. He further assesses the difference written speech, which he claims reached its optimum in the early and mid 19th century and the types of television communication, which depend majorly on visual images to advertise lifestyles (Riley 19). He further claims that the change in public communication, politics stooped to concentrate on a candidate’s opinions and solutions to diverse problems but rather whether he is liked when on television. In addition, he claims the television has lost its meaning of delivering news as expected by viewers but rather concentrate on the idea of earning profit. The linked between the topic discussed and the problem in hand is no longer experienced. Postman uses Epistemology to decipher the origin of knowledge and how it interrelates to connected concepts and ideas such as truth, belief and justification. Politics is anther word used by Postman to mean the world of leadership and governance and the media has recently not concentrated on providing viewers with ample political news (Riley 19). Age of reason is another word Postman uses in his argument which meant that people in the recent century have matured and they know how differentiate between quality news and news that do not provide enough information as required. Postman uses entertainment premise to base his argument about the falling entertainment world. He claims that entertainment Medias have concentrated on providing commercials to viewers promoting the advertising business. The industry forgets the purpose of news altogether failing, to fulfill the needs of the viewers who expect to be provided with news assessing what the world is going through or what is

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Motivation - Essay Example My older cousins were ranked among the best nationally and I really work hard to achieve the same level of success. However, my parents have made numerous physical promises if I achieved exemplary results in class. This is a great motivation to my learning (Weller, 2005). However, I strongly believe that idealistic concept of motivation applies to me the most. I am mostly motivated by the idea that I will be as successful as someone else will if I worked hard in class. I always harbor the idea that there is great gratification, joy, and happiness that result from hard work in class. Interestingly, I feel that the most successful and satisfied people in life are the ones who did exemplarily well in class. Such people are viewed as societal icons and are much respected (Rogers, 1999). They work less and earn more since they worked more and slept less while in school. Therefore, these ideas motivate me to learn and most importantly, maintain high level of motivation throughout my life in school. Weller, M. (2005). General principles of Motivation. Los Angeles Business Journal Retrieved from

RYANAIR CASE ANALYSIS NOTES Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

RYANAIR CASE ANALYSIS NOTES - Coursework Example Threat of new entrant into the industry is extremely low. This is because large capital is required for other aircrafts to enter the market. Additionally, the period for required for other firms to market themselves, is long (Creaton, 3). Finally Europe is extensively industrialized therefore getting space to build a new airport may be impossible. Ryanair face relatively stiff competition from substitutes. There exist alternative and affordable methods of transportation like high-speed electric trains and ferries. Furthermore, a bigger population of Europe residents own personal cars. This means that they can easily switch to driving. Buyers bargaining power is medium. As with many businesses, customers are always sensitive to prices. If Ryanair increases its prices, customer will shift to other planes whose prices are lower. In other words, Ryanair has not worn its customer’s loyalty. The power of suppliers to Ryanair is extremely high. All aircrafts owned by the company are Boeing. If the manufacture of Boeing denies Ryanair its services, Ryanair will undergo extensive loss. Jet engine fuel is controlled by few companies in Europe. As a result, Ryanair controls it through hedging (Creaton, 8). Finally, regional may decide to increase their charges on planes. In order to avoid this, Ryanair has come up with policies that make them avoid such regions. Finally, there is stiff competition in the market. Other flight companies like Easyjet and Aer Lingus have also adopted the tactic of offering low cost to passengers. Since this low cost model may become a trend, Full Service airline may also imitate the model posing more competition to Ryanair. Through PESTEL framework, the political, economic, social cultural, technological, ethical and legal environment impacting Ryanair will be discussed. Political environment affecting Ryanair

Investment Strategies Order Number Essay Example for Free

Investment Strategies Order Number Essay There are many methods an investor can use to determine if a stock is a good buy or not. Three indicators often used to assess the risk of a security are beta, alpha and the Sharpe ratio. One of the most popular measures of risk associated with a security is its beta. Beta is a measure of a stock’s volatility in relation to the market as a whole. The market is given a beta of 1. 0 and individual stocks are ranked according to how much they deviate from the market’s beta. Stocks with a beta of less than 1. 0 are considered less volatile than the market and, therefore, pose less risk. Stocks that have betas higher than 1. 0 are considered more volatile than the market and, therefore, pose more risk. All things being equal, an investor would expect to see higher returns on a stock with a beta higher than the market than one with a beta lower than the market. (1) Beta is also a key component for the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The original CAPM defined risk in terms of volatility, as measured by a stock’s beta coefficient. The formula is: Kc = Rf + beta Km – Rf) where Kc is the risk-adjusted discount rate (also known as the cost of capital) Rf is the rate of a â€Å"risk free† investment, i. e. ten-year treasury bill Km is the return rate of a market benchmark, such as the SP 500 Kc is the expected rate of return you would require before you would be interested in a particular stock at a particular price. The CAPM expresses the amount of risk a particular stock has and gives an investor an idea of the expected returns he should expect given a certain level of risk. The more risky a stock is the higher the level of returns an investor would expect for that particular stock. (2) A stock’s alpha is a mathematical estimate of the amount of return expected from a stock’s inherent values, such as the rate of growth of in earnings per share, management strengths or other factors, as opposed to general market conditions. Stocks with an alpha greater than 1. 0 can be expected to outperform the market regardless of what happens to the market as a whole. (3) The Sharpe ratio helps investors determine the best possible proportion of securities to use in a portfolio that can also include cash. The formula for the Sharpe ratio is: S(x) = (Rx – Rf) / StdDev(x) where x is some investment Rx is the average annual rate of return of x Rf is the best possible rate of return of a â€Å"risk free† security (i. e. cash) StdDev is the standard deviation of Rx The Sharpe ratio is a direct measure of reward-to-risk. In other words, the Sharpe ratio is used to characterize how well the return of an asset compensates the investor for the risk taken. (4) Although beta, alpha and the Sharpe ratio are useful for an investor to gauge the risk of a security or portfolio of securities there are also other methods an investor can use to determine whether a security is a good investment or not. The two most common methods used to determine the investment potential of a security are fundamental analysis and technical analysis. Fundamental analysis is the process of looking at a business from its financial statements. This type of analysis typically looks at various ratios of the business to determine its financial health. The goal of fundamental analysis is determine the current worth of a stock and how the market values the stock. (5) Probably the most two important factors looked at in fundamental analysis are a company’s earnings and revenue growth. Investors like to see earnings and revenue increasing by at least 25% for each of the last three quarters and year-to-date. Return on equity (ROE) is also a major fundamental factor. ROE reveals how much profit a company earned in comparison to the total amount of shareholder equity found on the balance sheet. (6) The higher a company’s ROE compared to its industry the better. Investors typically look for an ROE of at least 17%. Technical analysis is a method of evaluating stocks by relying on the assumption that market data, such as charts of price, volume and open interest can help predict future market trends. (7) Investors using technical analysis typically look for trends in chart data and use a variety of technical indicators, such as moving averages, Bollinger bands, fast and slow stochastics, MACD, and RSI to determine the right buy point for a stock. More sophisticated investors use a combination of fundamental analysis and technical analysis to determine whether a stock is a good buy or not. They use fundamental analysis to make sure a company is healthy from a financial standpoint and is a leader in its industry. Once determining a stock is healthy from a fundamental standpoint, these investors will use technical analysis to determine the correct buy point for a stock. A stock’s chart will show the investor how the stock is actually performing in the market and whether it is rising out of a good base or is overbought based on how far its current price is from its 50 day moving average. If a stock’s price is 30% or more above its 50 day moving average, the risk that it will fall into a correction is greater. References: (1) http://www. investopedia. com/articles/stocks/04/113004. asp Beta: Know the Risk (2) http://www. moneychimp. com/articles/valuation/capm. htm CAPM Calculator (3) http://www. allbusiness. com/glossaries/alpha/4943389-1. html Business Definition for Alpha (4) http://www. moneychimp. com/articles/risk/sharpe_ratio. htm The Sharpe Ratio (5) http://stocks. about. com/od/evaluatingstocks/a/Fundanatools1. htm Tools of Fundamental Analysis (6) http://beginnersinvest. about. com/cs/investinglessons/l/blreturnequity. htm Return on Equity (ROE) (7) http://www. investorwords. com/4925/technical_analysis. html Technical Analysis

Luxury good Essay Example for Free

Luxury good Essay ? Introduction 1. 1 Background of Study For luxury product and brand in the past three decades, Chinese market is unprecedented booming. From Pierre Cardin dominate early, later Louis Vuitton Illustrious, to each proliferation of luxury brands, the Chinese luxury high-end consumer tasted bud grow vitality and enjoyed the excitement noisy fanatical pursuit of luxury brands. While luxury product appears to be the public think that is only a small number of people can have the products, but according to the Chinas current level of economic development and consumer purchasing level has been able to provide basic guarantee for the development of the luxury industry. Actually in the Chinese dictionary, the meaning of luxury is synonymous with waste. And luxury goods in English is originated from Latin roots luxus, meaning is strong reproductive capacity, this kind of description also expresses the luxury of the characteristics of too much and waste. But in the modern society, the meaning itself has completed the transformation from negative to neutral. At the book luxury brand management, zhouyun, P. 2010 gives a board definition to luxury goods, which is luxury goods as a hope, a dream. Because it is the hopes and dreams, so it is demanding for the people, once people have can get intense pleasure and enjoyment, but also shows it is not the necessities of human life. At present, a very noteworthy trend is the concept of luxury of being extended outward. The concept of new luxury arises at the historic moment; the new luxury refers to are those goods and services that better than other similar products in the quality of goods, higher grade, better service, more fascinated customer. However, these products are not cheap, but that does not mean it too expensive to afford (Michael Silverstein, 2005). Such as Apples IPOD, cell phone with new features, Swarovski, etc. In recent years, Chinese consumers have become the largest consumer group of luxury brands in the world (Husband, 2010). According to a new report compiled by HSBC, about a quarter of the world’s luxury purchases are now made by Chinese citizens, which means 25% of luxury goods. Go through the HSBC report it shows that in 2007, china only purchasing5% of luxury goods in the world. It’s increasing by 5% each years and the expert think the number of increasing will be more and more. The purchasing of Luxury goods was increasing by huge number and very fast speed. The increasing speed was similar with the China GDP growing (Bouee, 2012). Since 2000, the China economic GDP was increased a lot. Chinas gross domestic product stood at US$3. 38 trillion while Germany’s GDP was USD $3. 32 trillion for 2007. This made China the world’s third largest economy by gross domestic product. Based on these figures, in 2007 China recorded its fastest growth since 1994 when the GDP grew by 13. 1 percent (Xin, 2009). The increasing economic was the most important reason to push Chinese buying Luxury goods. There are also many other factors that irritate people to buy luxury goods, owning luxury goods that means have a kind of culture. In China, there mainly are three luxury consumer groups in China: the rich flaunting fortune and manifesting identity, the young people gaining a sense of satisfaction and the bribers for mutual collusion and commercially hidden rules. (Wood, Zoe, 2011). For luxury brands, they want to take advantage in the Chinese market; they must know more about China market and understand the Chinese consumer consumption. Only based on the understanding of Chinese people buying behavior, the luxury goods companies can make accurate and effective marketing strategy. Therefore, this study is titled â€Å"Factors that motivate customers towards buying decision of luxury product (A survey of Chinese customer in China)†. 1. 2 Problem Identification This study is according to the situation of Chinese social luxury consumption, analysis the factors that affecting Chinese customer purchasing decision of luxury product in China. The study intends to evaluate whether the value of buying luxury products, the attitude towards people who own luxury goods, income level and purpose of buying luxury products that motivate customers towards buying decision of luxury product. Based on the statement above, the title of this study is â€Å"Factors that motivate customers towards buying decision of luxury product (A survey of Chinese customer in China)†. 1. 3 Statement of Problem This study aimed to determine the Factors that motivate customers towards buying decision of luxury product in China; specifically it shed answer to following: Does the value of buying luxury products have positive and significant relationship with the customers buying decision? Does the attitude toward people who own luxury goods have positive and significant relationship with the customers buying decision? Does the income level have positive and significant relationship with the customers buying decision? Does the purpose of buying luxury products have positive and significant relationship with the customers buying decision? 1. 4 Research Objectives Based on the preceding research questions, the research objective of study can be translated as follow: To find out if the value of buying luxury products have positive and significant relationship with the customers buying decision. To find out if the attitude toward people who own luxury goods have positive and significant relationship with the customers buying decision. To find out if income level have positive and significant relationship with the customers buying decision. To find out if purpose of buying luxury products have positive and significant relationship with the customers buying decision. 1. 5 Significance of the Study 1. 5. 1 For researcher Research is a way that through the observed, robust, measurement and calculation to get the information what you want to need. So I can use the information of research to known what kind of factors that influence people buying the luxury products. 1. 5. 2 For luxury goods companiesÃ'Ž Through the research the luxury goods companies will understanding the customer buying behavior and decisions, so the companies can make accurate and effective marketing strategy to attract more customers. 1. 5. 3 For customer Through the research can guide the customer who buying the luxury goods has a right consumption view and values, buy luxury goods is focus on the intrinsic value rather than just for showing off wealth. 1. 5. 4 For future researcher Through the research, we can get some important data and the future researcher can use these data to do some analysis and get knowledge. 1. 6 Definition of Terms Luxury goods: In economics, a luxury good is a good for which demand increases more than proportionally as income rises, and is a contrast to a necessity good, for which demand increases proportionally less than income. Luxury goods are often synonymous with superior goods. Customer Psychology: an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of customer mental functions and behaviors. Buying decision: the buying decision is series of choices made by a consumer prior to making a purchase that begins once the consumer has established a willingness to buy. Customer motivation: Consumer motivation is an internal state that drives people to identify and buy products or services that fulfill conscious and unconscious needs or desires. The fulfillment of those needs can then motivate them to make a repeat purchase or to find different goods and services to better fulfill those needs. Research methodology: research methodology is a collective term for the structured process of conducting research. There are many different methodologies used in various types of research and the term is usually considered to include research design, data gathering and data analysis. 1. 7 Scope and Limitation 1. 7. 1 Scope This research paper is study Factors that motivate customers towards buying decision of luxury product of Chinese customer. 1. 7. 2 Limitation For this research, the limitation of the study is: a. Place of research is China or PU Chinese student b. Young people and adults c. Number of respondents limited to 80 peoples d. The time limited from January 2014 until March 2014 References 1. Zhouyun P. (2010). Luxury brand management, 45-87 2. Michael Silverstein, P. (2005). Trading Up: The New American Luxury 3. Chadha, R. , Husband, P. (2010). The cult of the luxury brand: Inside Asias love affair with luxury. London: Nicholas Brealey International. 4. Charles Edouard Bouee. (2012) A brand awareness upgrade â€Å"Welcoming a new era in the Chinese luxury market† 5. China revises 2007 GDP growth rate to 13%. Xinhuanet. 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2009-01-15. 6. Wood, Zoe. LVMHs remarkable Half-year Results Reveal Luxury Is Back in Fashion. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 26 July 2011. Web. 20 Feb. 2012.

Concept of Servant Leadership Overview and Analysis

Concept of Servant Leadership Overview and Analysis A new moral principle is emerging which holds that the only authority deserving ones allegiance is that which is freely and knowingly granted by the led to the leader in response to, and in proportion to, the clearly evident servant stature of the leader. Those who choose to follow this principle will not casually accept the authority of existing institutions. Rather, they will freely respond only to Individuals who are chosen as leaders because they are proven and trusted servants. To the extent that this principle prevails in the future, the only truly viable institutions will be those that are predominantly servant-led. ~ Robert K. Greenleaf Introduction In the current environment, confidence has been shaken in business leadership (i.e Enron,Worldcom Anglo), such that interest has been increasing in the development of leaders who set aside self-interest for the betterment of their followers and organisations (Goleman et al, 2005). Bennis (2002, p. 105) stresses that leaders must generate trust while others (Fayol, 1949; Ciulla, 1998) emphasise that leaders must practice management that does not violate moral principles. There are many concepts of leadership in the literature such as transformational, transactional, leader-member exchange (LMX), psychodynamic and servant leadership. These are just concepts and it is important to quickly discuss the differences and similarities of some of the more popular concepts from the point of view of servant leadership. Paterson Russell (2004) juxtaposed transformational and servant leadership and found that while there are many similarities between the two, it is the moral grounding of servant leadership which makes it distinctive. Conger (1990) argued that there can be a dark side to leadership. For example, leaders who are driven to accomplish their visions may ignore problems and misrepresent the realism of their visions. Clements and Washbush (1999) specifically assailed transformational leadership models for having overlooked potentially negative issues in leader-follower dynamics. Similarly, Kets de Vries (1993) cited personality problems that can lead to poor leader-follower relationships. For example, some leaders have narcissistic tendencies they thrive on power and enjoy manipulation. Some followers have dependent dispositions and form strong connections to leaders who satisfy their dependency needs (Kets de Vries, 1989). Such imperfect human tendencies can lead to problems among charismatic leaders and their followers. History is replete with examples of political, religious, business, and other charismatic leaders who have manipulated their followers. Charisma may have allowed them to ascend to leadership positions, but they ultimately used their charisma in oppressive ways. Of course, such leaders whose standards are poor really function outside the genre of the ideal transformational leadership paradigm. Since servant leaders do not rely on charisma, the risk of manipulation in this form of leadership comes from a different source. Servant leaders rely upon service, and in so doing, they endear the followers to the leaders in reciprocal relationships. Cialdini (2001) identified reciprocation as a primary means by which to influence people. According to the principle of reciprocation, when you do something for another person they are psychologically obliged to return the favour. Optimally, servant leaders have motives that have the best interest of others in mind. Therefore, they should develop a positive form of reciprocation whereby they encourage followers to respond not by serving the leader but by serving others. Of course, this law of reciprocity can potentially be used negatively. Persons, who seek to be servant leaders, but have poor motives, can take advantage of others by inducing them to return acts of service. Such self-centred service can rapidly degenerate into a form of manipulation that can be more subtly coercive than overt exploitive behaviour. However, those who use service for manipulative purposes abdicate the real responsibility of genuine servant leadership. Clearly, both transformational leadership and servant leadership, like other leadership models, have potentially negative aspects. Yet the benefits of the two concepts far outweigh their negative side (Patterson Russell, 2004). Servant leaders, however, derive influence from service itself. They develop relationships where followers are encouraged to follow their lead of service. Paterson et al, (2003) notes that servant-power is a category of influence outside the traditional kinds of power. Real servant hood is a leadership style that relies upon the influence of self-giving without self-glory. Some empirical evidence supports the distinctiveness of servant leadership from related leadership theories. For example, Ehrhart (2004) reported that servant leadership significantly predicted an additional 5% of the variance in employee commitment, 7% of the variance in satisfaction with supervisor, 4% of the variance in perceived supervisor support, and 8% of the variance in procedural justice above and beyond that of both leader-member exchange and transformational leadership. Similarly, Liden et al. (2008) reported that servant leadership behaviour explained variance in citizenship behaviour and in-role performance beyond that predicted by leader-member exchange and transformational leadership Liden et al (2008) evaluated the leadership style servant leadership which is based on the premise that to bring out the best in their followers, leaders rely on one-on-one communication to understand the abilities, needs, desires, goals, and potential of those individuals. With knowledge of each followers unique characteristics and interests, leaders then assist followers in achieving their potential. Servant leadership differs from traditional approaches to leadership in that it stresses personal integrity and focuses on forming strong long-term relationships with employees. It also is unique in that it extends outside the organization-servant leaders serve multiple stakeholders, including their communities and society as a whole (Graham, 1991) Neubert et al (2008) looked at the effects of servant leadership as a variable in the amount of regulatory focus the employee has. Their results supported the theory that servant leadership significantly induces promotion-orientated regulatory focus. Regulatory focus theory (RFT) stems from the notion that people are motivated to minimize discrepancies between actual and desired end states (i.e., seek pleasure) and maximize the discrepancy between actual and undesired end states (i.e., avoid pain) (Meyer, Becker, Vandeberghe, 2004, p. 996). The orientation toward seeking pleasure is considered a promotion focus, whereas the orientation toward avoiding pain is considered a prevention focus (Higgins, 1997). Compared with prevention-focused individuals, promotion-focused individuals are more likely to focus attention on (a) nurturance needs rather than security needs (Higgins et al., 1994), (b) hopes and aspirations rather than rules and responsibilities (Higgins et al., 1994), and (c) gains rather than losses (Shah, Higgins, Friedman, 1998). Paterson, Parolinni Winston (2003) have developed a working theory of servant leadership that creates a platform for more specific research by defining the values on which servant leadership is based values she calls the component constructs of leadership. In Pattersons view, popular leadership theories such as transformational leadership have not adequately explained the values for example, altruism that are sometimes demonstrated by leaders. According to Patterson and Russell (2004), Transformational leadership shows leaders focused on the organization, and is insufficient to explain behaviour that is altruistic in nature, or follower-focused; thus servant leadership theory, which is follower focused, explains such behaviour(p. 353). These virtues or morals are qualitative characteristics that are part of ones character, something that is internal, almost spiritual (Whetstone, 2001). Robert K. Greenleaf (1904-1990) is credited with initiating the servant leadership concept among modern organizational theorists. In Greenleafs (1977) opinion, leadership must primarily meet the needs of others. The focus of servant leadership is on others rather than upon self and on understanding of the role of the leader as a servant (Greenleaf, 1977). Self-interest should not motivate servant leadership; rather, it should ascend to a higher plane of motivation (Greenleaf, 1977). The servant leaders primary objective is to serve and meet the needs of others, which optimally should be the prime motivation for leadership (Russell and Stone, 2002). Servant leaders provide vision, gain credibility and trust from followers, and influence others (Farling et al., 1999). James Dittmar (2006) interviewed Larry Spears, the president CEO for the Greenleaf centre for servant leadership and concluded that Robert Greenleafs writings incorporated ten major attributes of servant leadership. These included: Listening; Empathy; Healing; Awareness; Persuasion; Conceptualization; Foresight; Stewardship; Commitment to the growth of people; and Building community. As you will see in the next section, certain dimensions of servant leadership can be observed in the workplace and has some have some academic grounding. Walumbwa et al (2010) conducted a detailed investigation of servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB). Their research looked at the extent to which servant leaders recognise their moral responsibility to the success of the organisation as well as the success of their subordinates, the organisations customers and other stakeholders. Their hypothesis that Servant leadership positively relates to organizational citizenship behaviour was supported as servant leadership significantly predicted OCB While servant leadership is an increasingly popular concept, throughout much of its history the concept has been systematically undefined and lacking in empirical support (Farling et al., 1999). In an attempt to give cohesion to the development of a theory, Russell and Stone (2002) established a practical model for servant leadership. They also identified functional and accompanying attributes of servant leadership Servant leadership dimensions According to Russell and Stone (2002) the servant leadership literature offers an inconsistent set of dimensions that define this construct and as a consequence, their exhaustive research was designed to define and validate the dimensions that constitute servant leadership as a construct. Based on their interpretation of servant leadership as well as existing taxonomies of servant they identified nine dimensions: Emotional healing-the act of showing sensitivity to others personal concerns Creating value for the community-a conscious, genuine concern for helping the community Conceptual skills-possessing the knowledge of the organization and tasks at hand so as to be in a position to effectively support and assist others, especially immediate followers Empowering-encouraging and facilitating others, especially immediate followers, in identifying and solving problems, as well as determining when and how to complete work tasks Helping subordinates grow and succeed-demonstrating genuine concern for others career growth and development by providing support and mentoring Putting subordinates first-using actions and words to make it clear to others (especially immediate followers) that satisfying their work needs is a priority Behaving ethically-interacting openly, fairly, and honestly with others Relationships-the act of making a genuine effort to know, understand, and support others in the organization, with an emphasis on building long-term relationships with immediate followers Servant hood-a way of being marked by ones self-categorization and desire to be characterized by others as someone who serves others first, even when self-sacrifice is required Their scale delivered a Cronbachs alpha = .8. Constructs of servant leadership According to Russell and Stone (2002) the following construct of servant leadership by Patterson (2003), were central to their servant leader dimension creation: Agapao love; a love derived from the virtues of their religious beliefs Acts with humility; Is altruistic; Is visionary for the followers; Is trusting; Is serving; and Empowers followers. Leadership in the African context Issah Huseini is Ghanaian in birth and has been living in Ireland for the last 12 years. A devote Muslim, his moral beliefs have been leveraged through his religious teachings. These unique characteristics will be discussed later however it is important to discuss leadership in the African and cultural context. To date, servant leadership has been discussed and described almost entirely in the American context (Farling et al., 1999). Unfortunately, there have been few efforts to examine the extent to which followers in the USA actually report having experienced servant leadership while working in a leader-follower relationship. Hale Fields (2007) explored the concept of servant leadership in a Ghanaian context and found that while there are many aspects of servant leadership that are similar to leader attributes that may be endorsed across cultures such as motive arousing, confidence building, team building and foresight, some differences among cultures may limit the extent to which the servant leadership approach is viewed as effective. For example, servant leadership often focuses on follower development with the intention of increasing follower capacity to exercise creative approaches and take on greater responsibilities at work. However, these efforts may be viewed as effective primarily in settings where the ability and willingness of followers to exercise initiative and direct their own activities is viewed as desirable (Fields et al., 2006; Hofstede, 2001). In more individualistic and lower power distance cultures such as the USA, leaders who help equip followers to take initiative and undertake cre ative solutions on their own tend to be viewed very positively (Hale Fields 2007). However, in higher power distance cultures, leaders whose followers take initiative on their own without waiting for explicit direction may be seen as weak leaders (Hofstede, 2001). In cultures which are more collective, followers may be not feel comfortable with leaders who emphasize follower individual initiative and creativity because these are viewed as being best accomplished through group discussion and decisions. Given the rich diversity of Sub-Saharan Africa, one must approach any generalization of cultural expressions with caution. However, some African scholars maintain that there are identifiable Sub-Saharan African cultural characteristics (Lassiter, 2000). Through his survey of numerous African thinkers, Lassiter (2000) organized these cultural characteristics into five broad categories: psychological characteristics society and the individual family and community worldview Response to foreign influences. Traditional Sub-Saharan African leadership centres on the concept of kingship. Masango (2003) points out that the hierarchy in African society is well defined, with the king at the top of the structure. However, kingship in pre-colonial times was not the autocratic dictatorship that appeared in the colonial and post colonial periods (Masango, 2003; Williams, 2003). Rather, in earlier periods, followers expected the king to function as a servant to the clan, tribe or community (Williams, 2003). In essence, the kingdom was more important than the king. Historical examples document the removal of kings who became a detriment to the kingdom (Williams, 2003). The king used influence to build consensus (Masango, 2003). Finally, the king was the religious leader and guardian of the kingdoms religious heritage (Williams, 2003). Leadership Trust in the not-for profit sector While the notion of trust is not exclusively attached to servant leadership and may be considered a key element in all leadership models, servant leadership has been particularly considered as strongly associated with trust (De Pree, 1997; Joseph and Winston, 2005; Russell, 2001), that is through servant leader exhibit and translate their personal integrity into organizational fidelity (De Pree, 1997, p. 127). Greenleaf (1977) maintained that trust is a building block for servant leaders, who in turn foster environments of trust. In their study of leaders in for-profit and not-for profit organizations in America and West Indies, Joseph and Winston (2005) reported positive correlation between employees perceived level of organizational servant leadership and leader trust, and between their perceived level of servant leadership and organizational trust. Relationships built on trust and services are the basis for the influence of servant leadership (Joseph and Winston, 2005). Greenleaf (1977) advanced that trust was central to servant leadership since leadership legitimacy begins with trust. He noted that the only sound basis for trust is for people to have the solid experience of being served by their institutions (p. 83). He asserted further that in servant leadership, leadership is bestowed upon persons who are trusted because of their stature as servants (p. 24). Servant leaders are trusted because they empathize with and fully accept followers (p. 35), because of their dependability, which results from their exceptional intuitive insight (p. 56), and because they lead by example (p. 342). Trust and respect are highest in circumstances where a community is created through service in which the liability of each for the other and all for one is unlimited (p. 52). Greenleaf (1977) posited that institutional trust is created when the ir trustees (leaders) reach distinction as servants who understand the institution and care for all the persons touched by it (p. 100). Greenleaf (1977) stated that leaders hold the responsibility for the level and type of institutional performance that would merit trust (p. 127-8). Therefore, from Greenleafs perspective, servant leadership is both a product and an antecedent of leader and organizational trust. This may be due to the fact that servant leadership increases perceptions of leader trustworthiness, which has a reciprocal relationship to leader trust. Interview Issah Huseini is CEO and one of the founding members of the grassroots charity the new communities partnership (NCP); an independent national network of 116 ethnic minority led groups comprising of 75 nationalities with offices in Dublin, Cork and Limerick. The mission of NCP is to be an effective network, representing and empowering ethnic minority-led groups, at all levels, in order to influence positive change in policies that impact on their lives. The flat structure of NCP is comprised in a flat manner which links in with ethnic led minority organizations (ELMO) communities such as the Afghan and Cameroon communities to provide support and training. There are now over 120 ELMO communities under the auspicious of the NCP (appendix B) which is supported by Russell Stones (2002) argument that building relationships is an important characteristic of servant leadership. One of NCPs mission statements is empowerment where We believe in our capacity to define our own needs, articulate our hopes and fears and represent ourselves locally, regionally and nationally (retrieved from http://www.newcommunities.ie/about/mission.html on January 5, 2011). I began by asking Mr. Huseini why he decided part company with Cairde and set up his own company the NCP. Mr. Huseini described that the reason was twofold. Firstly the degree of freedom and range of services were limited and they felt that they were not providing enough services to their ELMOs. This idea is supported by supported by Russell Stones (2002) assumption that creating value for the community by having a conscious, genuine concern for helping the community is a significant dimension of servant leadership. Secondly he illustrated the underlying worries that their clients held because as he put it: some of the people we work with are some of the most disadvantaged in society. Some of them are illegal and shouldnt even be here. We found that these people didnt trust us as they believed we were agents of the government. Certain constructs of servant leadership would support this statement as Patterson (2003) describes acting with humility, is trusting and is altruistic, whil e meeting the needs of others (Greenleaf, 1977). As a follow up question I asked what kind of services he expected to deliver and what he actually was giving to his clients. He began by explaining the power politics involved in working with such an institution (Cairde) was very frustrating. There were certain governmental regulations that narrowed the scope to which Cairde could deliver services. For example, they were very limited in how much involvement we could have in regards to immigration, visas, green cards etc and felt that they were not satisfying the needs of ELMOs. Again this fits in with various researchers positions that a core responsibility of servant leaders is to act and behave ethically (Russell Stone, 2002; Greenleaf 1977; Dittmar, 2006; Fayol, 1949). Continuing on from this Mr. Huseini explained the following services the NCP provides: capacity building in terms of forums, workshop, seminars and community cafes, training support for ELMOs both in terms of leadership training and media and training, secondary lobbying governments on issues of concern, conducting scholarly and legal research on topics of educations and law reform, advocacy services and many more day to day services that cannot be categorized. Paterson et als (2003) statement that: that servant-power is a category of influence outside the traditional kinds of power. Real servant hood is a leadership style that relies upon the influence of Self-giving without self-glory. (p. 280) would support this kind of multi-faceted support system. Moving away from the external stakeholders, questioning then focused on the internal dynamics of the organisation. In particular (after clarifying the meaning of regulatory focus) i asked him if he saw his employees tendencies to seek promotion was as a result of his leadership style or whether there was a degree of commitment in general to the organisation. Mr. Huseini contemplated this and explained that many of the employees were hired through employment schemes which were generally unpaid such as FAS and the Dublin city council. While at the same time he indicated that the office is so small that there was no opportunity for advancement although he did highlight that he thought he employees were generally committed to the cause. Therefore Neubert et als (2008) assertion employees promotion-orientated regulatory focus is because of the servant leadership nature of the organisation is not supported however the marginal declaration that his employees are committed to the company is supported by Ehrharts (2004) findings. Finally I wanted to establish if there was a spiritual or religiously underpinning to his leadership style. Mr Huseini concurred as he described how he started out as a taxi driver in Dublin and although he witnessed many activities he disapproved of he still maintained a level of honesty and integrity (Patterson Russell, 2004). He went on to describe how Islam has kept my head on my shoulders insisting that the laws of Muhammad have guided me through some difficult times. This statement is supported by Whetonsone (2001) as he describes these characteristics that are part of ones character, as something that is internal, almost spiritual. While Patterson concurs that Agapao love a love derived from the virtues of their religious beliefs are a construct of servant leadership.

The Necessity of Bicycle Helmet Laws Essay example -- Expository Exemp

The Necessity of Bicycle Helmet Laws       Bicycle accidents have increased dramatically in the United States. About 500 American children and teenagers die each year in bicycle accidents, and three-quarters of those deaths come from head injuries (Jacques 1). Recent federal safety reports suggest that helmets can reduce the risk of head injury, but that only 4% of children under the age of ten wear helmets when bicycling. The percentage drops even more for young riders, particularly the rebellious 11- to 14-year-old age group. The younger generation often cites peer pressure, or the "nerd" factor, as the main reason for not wearing a helmet, and many adults say, "I did not wear one as a child, and I'm all right." Although states have been slow to mandate helmet laws because of such attitudes, I support development of bicycle laws. Mandatory helmet use for children under 16 will be effective in reducing head injuries, deaths, and medical insurance costs that affect us all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A report by the federal safety agency confirms mandated helmet laws reduce the risk of head injuries when bicyclists are involved in an accident. The majority of fatal bicycle accidents involve collision with a motorized vehicle of some kind. According to Louis Jacques, Assistant Professor at Wayne State University, bicycle-associated injuries account for an estimated 600,000 emergency room visits yearly in the United States, and about half of the bicycle accidents are head trauma. However, the federal safety report shows that bicycle helmets can reduce this number of head injuries by 85 percent. Unfortunately, the report also confirms that the use of bicycle helmets remains low unless mandated by law (296). Despite the fact that helmets don't pre... ...ncreased helmet use, will not only reduce head injuries by 85 percent, reduce deaths, and save millions of dollars for families and taxpayers, but also will spare parents immeasurable anguish. Regardless of one's personal stand on the use of helmets, it can't hurt bicyclists to wear them; it can certainty help. Bicyclists should use their heads by putting helmets on them! Works Cited Baum, Bob. "Bicycle Injuries." The Seattle Times. 22 Oct. 2013: A1. Carnale, Jim. Personal Interview. 22 April 2013. Jacques, Louis "Cycling." Public Health Report. March 2014: 296-301. Pessah, Joseph. "Safe Cycling." Newsday. 20 Nov. 2014: 7-8. Sacks, Jeffrey. " How many Are Preventable." Journal of the American Medical Association. 4 Dec. 2013: 3016-18. Weiss, Barry. "Bicycle helmets." Journal of the American Medical Association. 4 Dec. 2013: 3032 -33.

Economic Analysis of Roundup-Ready Soybeans :: Agriculture Economics Essays

Economic Analysis of Roundup-Ready Soybeans In 1974, Monsanto Corporation registered the chemical glyphosate for agricultural use in the United States. Monsanto marketed glyphosate, otherwise known as Roundup, as a broad-spectrum herbicide designed to kill â€Å"a wide variety of annual and perennial grasses, sedges, broad-leaf weeds, and woody shrubs† (Mendelson, 1998). Glyphosate kills such a huge assortment of plants and weeds by inhibiting the creation of EPSP synthase, an enzyme in plants that is required to synthesize the amino acid phenylalanine (Kliener, 1998). Deprived of phenylalanine, plants cannot make the proteins necessary for life, so these plants weaken and die. Since glyphosate kills nearly anything green, farmers have been forced to use Roundup as either a pre-emergence herbicide or a weed killer around the borders of their planting area to avoid killing their commercial crop (Sij and Stansel, 1997). Despite farmers’ inability to spray glyphosate directly on conventional crops, Roundup became â€Å"the best-selling weed-killer in the world† (Arax and Brokaw, 1997). In 1994, Roundup had net sales of approximately 1.2 billion dollars, comprising 17 percent of Monsanto’s total annual sales. However, by the mid-90’s, Monsanto neared the expiration date on its patent of Roundup, and faced the possibility of losing the production rights of this cash cow. Desperately needing a new way to continue to reap profits from glyphosate, in 1996, Monsanto, through genetic engineering, introduced genetically modified Roundup-Ready crops, varieties of several commercial crops which are resistant to glyphosate. By inserting a gene derived from a petunia that produced large amounts of EPSP synthase into the genome of several popular commercial crops, Monsanto created varieties of soybeans, cotton, canola, and corn which could produce enough EPSP synthase to overwhelm the EPSP inhibition caused by glyphosate (Kliener, 1998). Therefore, farmers can plant the glyphosate-resistant crops and spray Roundup directly on their fields, thus destroying every weed and plant except their Roundup-Ready crop. Since glyphosate-resistant crops offer the promise of a cheaper and simpler weed management process, farmers have adopted glyphosate-resistant crops at such an alarming rate that Roundup-Ready crops cover over 33 million acres worldwide (Mendelson, 1998). The advent of genetically engineered glyphosate-resistant crops has not only maintained but has greatly expanded Monsanto’s market share in the realm of agribusiness. Since Roundup-Ready seeds are only resistant to the broad-spectrum herbicide Roundup, Monsanto sells a season’s worth of weed killer along with every Roundup Ready seed sale (Arax and Brokaw, 1997).

Essay --

During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, he completed a series of transactions that made America what it is today. The most famous of these transactions was the Louisiana Purchase. He bought a lengthy stretch of land spanning from the obvious (Louisiana) to Montana. This land was bought for approx. 15 million. This translates to about 234 million dollars in today’s money (about 42 cents per acre).1 In order to explore this newfound territory, Thomas Jefferson sent two pals off into the wilderness, along with 31 other men. These two men were Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Meriwether Lewis was born in 1774 at his family’s estate in Virginia. When Lewis was five, his father died of pneumonia and his mother shortly remarried with a retired army officer. When Meriwether was 13, he returned to Virginia and began his schooling. In 1794, Lewis signed up for the army, where he was sent to quench the Whisky Rebellion along with 13000 other Virginians. One of these men was William Clark. The following year, Lewis joined the army of General ‘Mad’ Anthony Wayne. He was quickly transferred to the Chosen Rifle Company, which was led than none other than William Clark. The two quickly became friends but not long after being transferred, General Clark had to resign do to health problems. The following February, he was invited by his friend and president, Thomas Jefferson to serve as his personal secretary. The President proposed his plan to explore the United State’s new territory, and Lewis quickly volunteered to go. In 1803, congress app roved and Meriwether began to get ready. He sent a letter to his old friend, William Clark, asking him if he wanted to go with him. He agreed and the two left with 31 other men in the spring of 1804. Willi... ...e, unlike his best friend Meriwether. Sacagawea settled down with her French husband and six years after returning from their journey, gave birth to a daughter. No one knows if this daughter lived. In 1812, William Clark legally adopted both of Sacagawea’s Children. In the 20th century, a theory developed that Sacagawea instead lived to the age of 100 and was buried on the Wind River Indian Reservation. After close speculation, this theory was sent to rest by most historians, but you can believe what you like. William Clark, Meriwether Lewis, and Sacagawea remained friends long after their journey, and it is somewhat obvious due to the many respectful comments and other notes that involved the opinions and their friends that these people influenced each other greatly. These 35 people that returned to Virginia can be considered some of America’s greatest explorers.

Nazeesh Yusef

The poem Theme For English B is a really Interesting poem. It's a bit difficult to understand, but after researching the biological, social, cultural, political, and historical context of this poem It was much easier to understand It. When looking at the cultural context the writer starts by writing his colored It gives a cultural context. The cultural context lets the readers know who the writer is and where it is coming from. The writer is officer colored is a male and is 22 years old.This poem Theme For English B is about a young student whose professor asks him to write a page about him and that page had to be true. The writer even lists the schools it had been to and how he realizes that he is the only colored student at the school. As looking at the historical context the time this poem was written was in the Jim Crow era where African Americans had difficulty entrance into an elite school than their white peers. Also, in this poem the writer is struggling with the color aspect .The writer is trundling so much that the writer doesn't even know If It should write Its poem on a white piece of paper or a colored piece of paper. Throughout this poem the writer Is trying to figure himself out with the poem. The cultural context helped me figure this poem out more Is because the whole poem was about the speaker, and what and who the speaker was. It's easier to understand the poem if you already have found clues about the writer. Almost the whole poem was about the writer and its race and its colored skin.

Drawing on your understanding of the theories of motivation Essay

Drawing on your arrangement of the theories of demand and use examples where appropriate, critic neverthelessy quantify the purpose of m sensationy as a motivator?The staple fiber outlook on motivation is that inevitably equal behaviour which in turn equals blessedness and viciousness versa. I.e. you retain authoritative inevitably or wants, and this ca c entirelys you to do certain things (behaviour), which converge those unavoidably (satisfaction), and this furthert because change where need/wants argon primary.The underlying idea is that any human beings be propel to commence certain actions including purchasing crackings and services and waiver out to make by certain ineluctably. Various of necessity come into laugher as motivators.(Abraham Maslow.)Abraham Maslow suggested that we argon remindd to satisfy our involve hierarchic in wholey first is the thirst to satisfy physiological needs, then the craving for security, the desire for compani onship and a rule of be spaciousing, the desire for self-esteem, and the desire for self-actualization, doing what bingle intimately(prenominal) wants and is best suited to do. As quite a littles lower or basic needs are met, broader more(prenominal) in depth issues propel them.A mortal needs to feel as if his/her needs kick in been met on previous level(s) originally moving upward. A person leave behind non be do by love until he/she has had both his/her physiological and security needs met. For example babies needs are as basic as they come. All they wants is food, sleep, and a clean nappy, and non necessarily in that nine. As they traverse to detect their survival needs met, they last request that their safety needs be addressed. At this time, their motivations are based rigorously on basic, survival needs.In all five cases of Maslows model, notes to slightly(prenominal) extent plays a springy role in satisfying such needs one and only(a) way or an many otherwise. capital is often talked nearly as the crowning(prenominal) motivator. It is the basic reason why most of us go to work everyday. It provides us with numerous freedoms. It allows us a sorting of choices. If one has no bullion, or deficient funds for basic needs, then one for go far do almost anything to get whatsoever. Money is a motivator at this basic level. However, as one begins to devour enough to satisfy basic needs, it has less(prenominal) and less effect. state give slackly choose to do things they like, prefer or which meets their values and aspirations, rather than seek specie for its own sake. Of course, if they are in, or unification a reference group whose members sustain more funds than they do, then bills whitethorn enter the motivational equivalence again. Equally, if they see other muckle, especially those at heart their own ships company or profession, earning more than they do for the uniform work (relative deprivation), then they may tumesce be motivated to either complain well-nigh bullion or indeed seek a similar argumentation elsewhere that pays breach.However, quite a little in general seem to arrival a balance between cash and driving force, between specie and the calls of family and interests. For instance, commission schemes are supposed to motivate increased effort in gross revenue raft. The truth of the point is that for most sales hatful, they do not. The sales person works as gravid as they need in order to get to a level of income that they require. At this point they are said to permit satisficed and their needs and income are in balance. fling more money pass on not necessarily increase effort beyond this point.Successful organizations use motivational techniques in order for its workforce to be highly efficient and effective. However on the remote dont essentially vortex financial respects in every situation. in that respect are drawbacks of using cash as the only motivator . Though it plenty motivate employees to be a good workforce, it gage shuffling them dishonest. Moreover, on that point are other ways to motivate multitude at very low constitute, which give the same or even better results as using money. As mentioned above, money stub barter for almost everything people want, alone only almost. There are umpteen things that croup not be traded for money. out-of-pocket to these weak points, money is not as good motivator as it is viewed. origin and foremost, money could lead to bad or unlawful accomplishance. Money kindle unfeignedly motivate people because, as it is fountainhead documented, money provoke buy satisfaction. Theoretically, workforces result run better as they lie with that they will get more money from reward or a raise. The task is that in the real world, they do not perform better precisely perform to look better in their bosses eyes.For example, round major poweriness try to give an mountain range of hig h workload by sit down in apparent motion of the computer and write all the time, though they befuddle postal code to type. In nearly case, they might dole out around the office, especially in front of the bosses rooms, so that they will be seen as busy and diligent. The worst case scenario is that they will try to serve their bosses the best, not the company. These are absolutely not the results the company anticipate from the motivation program. Moreover, if the company implements this program for nigh time, it may become company floriculture money-oriented. Employees will only be interested about how much money they carry and not motivated by the commercial enterprise itself. They might excel as that stub generate more earning but they will do something to get more money in addition.In a company that uses a stock option policy, managers get stocks as their bonus, and this policy tooshie lead to vicious military operation and inappropriate actions as Ivan F. Boesky install out to his disadvantage. He was accused of insider calling that led to huge individualized wampum and eventually a $100 gazillion fine. This scandal was described as one of the worst on Wall passage history, and unsettled public confidence with the precaution that stock trading may be fixed.Money is often used for motivating, but it also addresses itself to human greed, which dulls the conscience and may lead to unethical and illegal behaviour. (Weihrich and Koontz, 1988)Secondly, companies can use other low cost motivators to motivate their workforces to perform better. A personal organiser, complete with a leather case, is one of the gifts being offered to British Telecom employees as part of BTs Living Our value hatchway. BT is using non-cash benefits to reward exemplary behaviour. The BT initiative is an example of an employer using gift items to alter managers to show gratitude to employees for such things as ceaseless improvement and teamwork. (Rue and Byars , 1977)If the company use bonuss as motivation, it will demonstrate a problem if it does not have good strategies to execute it with. For example, if the company gives a bonus every month, this bonus will do no good as a motivator. The reason for this is that if the company gives a bonus to employees every month, employees will feel that the bonus is what they must have as part of their salary, not as a reward for good performance and also the company will not make much profit and in the long run will eventually get rid of some staff. Therefore, if the company sincerely wants employees to work better and better, it has to raise the bonus again and again.In addition to this, on that point are more a(prenominal) utensils that can motivate workforces better than money. In fact, studies have lay down that non-monetary compensation is an even more vital factor many people. According to Hagemann, the motivation factors rank with importance by Japanese, American and German companie s in the first, second and ordinal places were clearer strategic directives, more information about work and more interlocking in the pedigree while money was ranked in the ninth place. Money can be better motivator as it can indicate the status of the person. This dictation is align but not for all situations. There are many people who gain respect from other people because of their good and honest habit though they earn little money. In the meantime, some who are rich but have bad reputation might be considered as dirty people or of a very low status.Nonetheless, there is another argument that an increasing salary is an indicator of advantage. It might be true but there are many things that can also show success such as more participation and more responsibility, for instance the Prime diplomatic minister of Great Britain is not that greatly nonrecreational when comparing him with CEOs of major(ip) corporations, lawyers, barristers, footballers. The list goes on, yet the P Ms position is one of the most chief(prenominal) and prestigious position in the country.Thirdly, money can not satisfy all needs of people. In reference to Maslows theory on motivation money can satisfy only the needs at the lower level. According to Plunkett and Attner, the personal needs can be cheery by increasing pay, safety needs can be well-off by reassuring that put-ons will not be eliminated.For accessible needs, there are many ways to cope with such as letting the new employee interact in recreational activities of the firm. In these levels of needs, money can be best used only at the lowest level. For example, money cannot buy the sense of belonging in the society, social need. There are many people who are extremely wealthy but cant interact on a professional and social level with their fellow workmates in the organization well and have to quit their jobs. Some people do not want more money as they are satisfied with their current status or they are more concerned with other things more.For example, some wealthy and successful CEOs whose needs are in the pass levels like self-esteem or self-actualization may not necessarily be motivated by money. To motivate these people, the company might try to make them feel that the job is challenging or make them take a shit that this is another goal of their lives. The company might provide more opportunities in other fields of the job and send them to some training course to make their job more challenging. Changing the structure of the job is another way to motivate workforces, as it will make them feel that they have more challenge than their routine work. As seen, money is not a good motivator for everybody, as each employee will have dissimilar needs in the hierarchy.Although money is not always seen as a reliable motivator by a number of critics, it does possess its advantages in terms of it leads people towards a goal, it gives them worry and clarification. If there are no bonuses or low wages , where would the motivation be for a worker to work to his/her best office? If there is a limited reward for your efforts then where will the incentive be to do well? Such questions are always raised in instrument panel meetings and meetings between employees and management. Management tend to use money as armour in their toolbox and release their weapon of unornamented incentive when required.On the whole money is not always top employee anteriority although it is important, because the money that you bring home buys the bread. People are also motivated by variety of items and using money as the only motivator is not as good a strategy as it should be. It can motivate people to perform better but only as the external motivator. People do not feel that they really want to work because of intrinsic interest in a task (Kohn, 1998) but they work unspoilt for money.This can lead to inefficiency and illusion of performance and also cause corruption and illegality in work. In fact t here are many motivators that can bring about the same or even better result as money. Furthermore, using these motivators can reduce the cost of the company also. die but not least, although money can buy many things, it cannot buy satisfaction and not all employees needs can be satisfied by money. Therefore, monetary motivators can not motivate everybody. As seen in this essay, motivating people by money can create some disadvantages and money is not the be all and end all of motivation, so the company has to be very wary when using it.

Mrf Tyre Suggestions

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 0. 1 0. 1. 1 GENERAL Nylon tire pile Nylon tire pile is do from full(prenominal) tenacity incessant strand ribbon by writhe and put uping. in that location argon two major types of nylons utilise as tire stack, i. e. nylon-6 and nylon-6,6. The properties of nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 vary margin entirelyy and be guardled by the pieceufacturing unconscious puzzle out, type of stabilisers and additives utilize. In India only nylon-6 is produced m unrivaledymaking(prenominal)ly for tire heap. Thetypesofnylon-6tire electric electric heap practice sessiondinIndia be840/2,1260/2,1260/3, 1680/ 2 and 1890 / 2 where number indicates denier of ply / no. of plies in the corduroy.The denier per filament is 6. 0. 1. 2 tire Cord The opposite naturals employ as tire cord be cotton, rayon, polyester, grapheme glass, steel,redolent polyamides. Each of these clobbers has its thread merits and demerits. The major criteria for acceptance of either visible i n tire be its tensile strength, dimensional constancy, durability, thermic stability, hysteresis and adhesion. Tests and actual application conditions pay shown that although early(a) cord materials meet one or more circumstantial requirements, nylon by and colossal meets the desirable requirements for almost all the per stockance criteria. . 1. 3 Tyres The tire cord model stands the tire its fundamental properties much(prenominal)(prenominal) as shape, size, payload carrying ability, abrasion resistance, fatigue resistance, etc. A tyre is a composite of cord and rubber. there ar tierce varieties of tyres that is to say bias-angle tyres, radial tyres and bias-belted tyres. They differ in the way the tyre model plies be displace inside the tyre. 0. 1. 4 Manufacturing Process The manufacturing fulfil for nylon-6 tyre cord send packing be b trackly split up into avocation output signal ill-uses (a) Polymerisation of caprolactam to patch up nylon chips. (b) E xtraction and drying of chips. (c) Melt windning of chips to counterbalance nylon tyre recite. (d) Pre parity bittion ofcordfrom tyre recitation by twisting and plying. (e) Recycling of nylon-6 waste. 0. 1. 5 Polymerisation Nylon is made by polymerization of caprolactam with true additives like amino group acids and dicarboxylic acid salts and certain heat stabiliser such as copper base organic compounds. The polymerization mould entangles ring opening polycondensation and polyaddition reactions. All the three polymerisation reaction qualitys argon sense of balance reactions.A typical exploit of polymerisation of nylon john be either a peck or a consecutive process. The persisting process, real after the lot process was commercialised, offers simplicity of formula, ease of operation and control and noble capacity. An optimal polymerisation process would involve two stages, wherein, the first stage involves pressure at spirited up initial irrigate concentratio n. In the imprimatur stage a rapid transition from high body of water content to a imprint water content is achieved by release of pressure and concomitant application of vacuum. Industrial grade nylon-6 with relative viscosity 3. 2 to 3. has high(prenominal)(prenominal) degree of polymerisation compargond to fabric grade nylon-6 with relative viscosity 2. 2 to 2. 6. 0. 1. 6 Extrusion and Drying of Chips The nylon chips are washed to remove water soluble impurities and therefore dried. The process maybe caboodle or free burning. 0. 1. 7 Melt distortionning The polymer chips are melt in extruder. The molten polymer is then spun by a birlnerette. The molten filaments are quenched or cooled by a laminar f pocket-sized of air. The spin hold on is applied on filament and then wound on spin bobbins and crosstien to gear up tyre tales. In the unoriginal process, the whirl and out ocellus was done in two steps.In the spin- passel process, a step is thin outd compared to 2-step conventional process. As a consequence, about sources of process disturbances are eliminated which endpoints in repaird recitation uniformity. 0. 1. 8 Pre mirror symmetrytion of Cord Nylon tyre recounts are then twisted in S or Z direction and plied having 2 or 3 plies to form a tyre cord. 0. 1. 9 re mysticnessy of Nylon-6 Waste Depending on the fibre of waste, any of the following method may be used for recycle of nylon waste. Direct use of fibre waste RegrannulationPolymer Powderi) without thawing ii) with melting. i) deploymerisationandfilteration i) precipitation from solutions Rec e verywherey of caprolactam by deploymerisation. Rec everyplacey of amino caproic acid. The first three processes require relatively purer and undegraded form of waste. Amongst the read going two, caprolactam rec overy is mostly subscribe toed by Indian industry payable to ease of purification of recovered caprolactam. 0. 1. 10 Raw Materials, (Catalysts, Additives, Spin nuance Etc. ) For nylon-6, the only major raw material undeniable is caprolactam. Water is required as an instigator for ring opening during polymerisation. Nitrogen gas is required for blanketing, drying and conveying of polymer. 0. 1. 1 Additives/Catalysts Aminoacids and diamine dicarboxylic add salts which lead water on condensation score been erect to be useful for enhancing the rate of polymerisation. 0. 1. 12 Stabilisers Nylon is tractable to degradation by Lght, heat, oxygen etc. To gain ground it suitable for the purpose of tyre cord, stabilisers are added. The absolved stabilisers used are manganous chloride + hypophosphorous add and imidazoles. Diphenylamine and acetone condensates reveal excellent resistance to heat. Copper complexes as halides, acetate, phosphates, salts of high fatty adds like stearates, palmitates, laurates, etc. re rather effective as heat and light stabilisers. Spin Finish The functions of spin deathes are to reduce crash to accomplish proper f ilament cohesion and to exit static protection. Lubricants used to reduce friction are usually mineral oils, fatty glycerides. The antistats used to provide static protection are surface sprightly organic compounds. In case of nylon tyre cord, where molten polymer is suffern in yarn stages and fabric is plunge at a very high temperatures (upto 210 C), option has been towards the use of non-fuming type spin finishes. 0. . 14 major Capital Equipments The major ceiling equipments for each piece of the limit viz polymerisation, go around, cord making and caprolactam recuperation are listed in para 1. 7. 0. 1. 15 Development of applied science The victimisations in design science canbe grouped into the following express of intersection knowledge. Development in the polymerisation process. Development in extraction and drying. Development in melt reel process. A. Product Development Till 1937, cotton used to be the only tyre cord material by dint ofout the world. There after rayon became popular.Subsequently with the advent of synthetic fibres, the use of nylon change magnitude, which cut acrosss to be used in some(prenominal) the real and developing countries, Other materials used are polyester introduced in 1962, fibre glassin 1967 and steelin 1970. NTC was earlier spun as 210 d-yarn and then plied to circulate 840 d tyre cord. With the using of plan science, now, nowadays 840 d yarn can be spun and then plied to get denier ranges of 1260, 1680 and 1890 tyre cord. The denier per filament has however remained fe though rough attempts confirm been made to use 8 deniers filaments alike. It has been possible to increase tenacity from 8 gpd to9. gpd. B. Developments in Polymerisation Process In early process, a relatively crude vision autoclave nuclear nuclear reactor was used for polymerisation. The V K tube reactors for continuous polymerisation, were introduced during early 50s. Initially, V K tube reactor had capacities of 1. 5 TPD w hich has now been increased upto 40 TPD. over a blockage of cartridge holder, number of stages of polymerisation has to a fault increased from one to seven. Continuous maturations vex besides swallown place for modifying the practice of reactors to achieve plug cling condition and uniform flow and temperature gradient, improve residence time, conversion rate and quality of outputs.The enlarge of some such readings are discussed in para 1. 8. C. Developments in Extraction and Drying In this athletic field in addition, batch type extraction and drying process exhaust been replaced by continuous processes. Chips are now stored in S. S. tanks and conveyed pneumatically to spin section. D. Developments in go around Process break up of chips was done by oil change grids in the pre-world war era, then by electrically heated grids. In the late fifties a terse barrel screw extruder was introduced which is now replaced by longbarrel extruder.Another development is increase in the go around capacity by increased number of spin positions and besides increased number of ends per spin around position. Other cash advances are in yarn solidification and quenching process, spin finish application methods etc. During late seventies, the spin- follown process was introduced to get high productivity and better product. During the same period, high hie spinning with include up move of 3,000 to 4,000 mtrs/min (as compared to upto 1500 mtrs/ min in case of conventional process) was demonstrable. 0. 2 . 2. 1 STRUCTURE OF INDUSTRY AND adduce OF THE ART Structure of manufacture Licensed and Installed depicted object The total licensed and installed capacity of NTC in India at array is around 29,500 TPA and 22,500 TPA respectively, as per the details wedded in para 2. 1. 10. LOI / IL collect been issued which cover capacity of 54,200 TPA. Production The occupation of NTC in India started in 1971 with 595 tonnes and increased to around 23,600 tonnes in 1985. NTC has replaced rayon tyre yarn as tyre cord yarn and commercialize share of NTC at model is 75%.Capacity stinting consumption The licensed and installed capacity is based on certain denier go intersection is of unlike deniers and the product-mix of all bring to passrs varies depending on market requirements. However, the overall bonny capacity employment ofNTCinIndiahasbeenaorundl05%duringthelast basketball teamyears. Distribution of Units Active NTC manufacturers are public hold companies spread almost all over India with average capacity of 4000 TP A. achievement of Industry The work, sales, clear up strict assets, net worth of all the NTC manufacturers show an upwardly drift.There is a general waxth rate of 20% per annum on sales turnover during last atomic number 23 years. Import/Export Import of NTC increased from 1677 tonnes in 1980-81 to 5295 tonnes in 198384 The price of NTC at international level is just half of the price in India. This is generall y due to high equal of raw materials, higher(prenominal)(prenominal) conversion costs due to old technologies and teeny size of Indian imbeds as compared to the set ups in certain countries. Due to this, export of tyre yarn from India is negligible. Sources of technology and their Broad Performance Unitika, Japan has supplied technology and graft to three out of five Indian manufacturers of NTC.The other two manufacturers started with merchandise plants. The details of these collaborations are ef precedingery in para 2. 15. 2. Performance of all the collaborations is satisfactory. Though, autochthonal technology comprising of batch polymerisation and conventional spinning process induct been developed, none of the NTC plants in India has until now started with such indigenous technology. The in style(p) technologies comprising of multi-stage continuous polymerisation, continuous extraction and drying of chips, spin draw technology or high speed spinning process are no t yet forthcoming indigenously.The recent trend in India to look to the east for technology may be due to the approachability of technology comparable to those available from the west at a frown bonk how fees and lower plant costs. 2. 2 Technological post of Indian Industry (Unit wise) The comparison of installed capacities, actual takings and capacity utilisation and financial analysis in terms of net sales, net fixed assets, net profit and net worth over the period of last five years and array departicularized raw materials and utilities consumptions, wastage generation and recovery etc. for the following selected units is given in para 2. . J. K. synthetic substances Ltd. content Rayon Corpn. Ltd. Shri hale Fibres Ltd. Nirlon Synthetics Fibres & Chemicals Ltd. Baroda Rayon Corporation Ltd. Details of the historical background, sources of technology, interrogation and development efforts, results achieved, etc. for each of the above units are summarised hereunder. a) J. K. Synthetics Ltd J. K. Synthetics moderate, introduce in the manufacture of NTC, contain absorbed to a great extent the conventional technology over the last 2 decades. The come with has its own investigate insituteThe Sir Padampat Research Centre (SPRC) and has of late floated a caller-outJaykay Tech. hich can supply the conventional technology. As out-of-the-way(prenominal) as horizontal transfer is concerned, conventional technology developed and absorbed by J. K. has little commercial relevance. J. K. s licenced and installed capacities are 6000 to 5000 TPA respectively. The attach to has recently entered into expert collaboration with M/s Tong Yang of federation Korea for their latest Spin-Draw technology. The freshly unitwithacapacityofl2. 5TPDiscomingup. b) The National Rayon Corporation Ltd. (National Rayon) National Rayon commenced production of rayon tyre cord in 1961 and nylon tyre cord in 1976.The order has a practiced collaboration for the latter wi th Unitika, who have supplied the technology and plant. The familiarity had installed indigenously developed equipment for conversion of polymer waste to granules of impressionable grade. They have successfully indigenised manufacturing of all additives through and through in-house research as well as developing other suppliers. National Rayons licensed and installed capacities are 5,000 and 5,250 TPA respectively. The companys performance during 1983 and 1984 had been unbecoming due to closure of plant because of labour problems.The production during 1985 to 1988 is more than the licensed capacity. As a part of neoisation and expansion programme they have installed spin-draw machines. The spin-draw yarn produced and made into fabric has alreadybeenapprovedbythecustomers. National Rayon have a fullfledged R centre approved by the disposal of India and is engaged in entailment substitution, technology absorption, machinery development and trouble shooting. National Rayon have d eveloped process technology for polypropylene industrial yarn of high tenacity and has been unfalteringly supplying polypropylene yarn for market development.It has in like manner developed rayon industrial yarn, an industrial fabric for non tyre applications. National Rayon have recently installed, for the first time in India, air cat valium looms for making tyre fabrics of high quality. c) Shri lumber Fibres Limited (SRF) SRF s plant for manufacture of nylon tyre cord and yarn was commissioned in 1974 in proficient collaboration with Unitika. Companys rescue capacity is 6,335 TPA. SRF has a fledged Research and Development Laboratory and is constantly update process methods and technology for product development.SRF have an freelance research institute also. A very recent process developed and patented is that for polymerisation of nylon-6,6. d) Nirlon Synthetic Fibres & Chemicals Ltd. (Nirlon) Nirlon commenced production of nylon filament yarn and tyre cord in 1962. The company had recently gone into technical collaboration with Zimmer for an expansion of their nylon tyre cord plant. Their present capacity is 5,000 TPA. Zimmers design is based on multi polycondensation process and single stage spin draw process. Nirlon has a well established research and development base.The company had absorbed the conventional technology for manufacture of nylon tyre cord and is concentrating in developing and acquiring more modern manufacturing process. e) The Baroda Rayon Corporation Ltd. (Baroda Rayon) Baroda Rayon commenced production of rayon in 1962. Subsequently, the company commenced production of nylon tyre cord in 1981 in technical 8 collaboration with Unitika. Their present installed capacity is 2,000 TPA. Expansion of their plant to 4,000 TPA is under executing and is expected to be commissionedby end 1987. f) The following new-fangled units likely to come up in the some future.The present status / each of these projects is given in detail in para 2. 1. GarwareNylons Limited before long the company manufactures nylon and polyester filament yarn and is expanding its activities to manufacture nylon tyre cord, nylon tyre and industrial fabric in collaboration with Allied Corporation, U. S. A. , the largest producer of tyre cord in the world. Century Enka Limited The companys major activity is manufacture of nylon and other man made fibres and plastics. Century Enka has a collaboration with their principals Enka International of Holland for the technology for manufacture of nylon 6 tyre cord.The production has commenced recently. Ballarpur Industries Ltd. andE. I. Du Pont Nemours & Co. of U. S. A. They have jointly proposed to bear on a Rs. 130 crores joint venture company to produce nylon-6,6 tyre cord for the first time in the country in collaboration with economic development corporation of Goa. An annual production of 16,700 tonnes of nylon-6,6 tyre yarn is envisaged. Kanoria Alkalies & Plastics Ltd They have entered into collaboration for technical know-how, plant and machinery for manufacture of nylon tyre cord with Unitika which has been approved by Government of India. 0. 2. perspective of Raw Material Industry At present only Gujarat State fertiliser Corpn. Ltd. , Baroda manufacture caprolactam with the capacity of 20,000 TPA in India. Three LOI have been issued by the government with a total capacity of 2,20,000 TPA. The read projections for caprolactam made by the Committee for view Planning of Petrochemical Industry by 2000 AD are 1,16,000,1,96,000 and 3,02,000 TPA for year 1989-90,1994-95 and 1999-2000 respectively. Hence, till the units who have LOI go into production, imports of caprolactam is unavoidable. The quality of indigenous caprolactam in terms of its permanganate no. nd also in terms of consistancy between mingled batches of manufacture is not comparable to that of imported caprolactam. 0. 2. 4 Status of Tyre Industry International There are three types of tyre construction vi z. , bias, bias-belted and radial. stellate and bias belted construction are more high-octane than simple bias construction. In the world tyre market, radial tyres dominate. They were first inroduced in rider cars then in commercial vehicles, buses and motor truck respectively. In U. S. A. market, no rapid change over from bias to radial tyres took place because of the tremendous dandy investment required.Instead, belted bias tyres which could be manufacture on animated equipments were developed. The current trends in tyre design and manufacturing include Use of fewer fabric plies in tyres by utilising larger and stronger cords. Use of additional treatments in yarn manufacturing of the cord processing to reduce the creep of cords in tyre. Use of newer fibres such as polyester and modified nylons etc. 0. 2. 5 Status of Tyre Industry -Indian The installed capacity of Indian tyre industry is 12 million nos. per annum, the estimated demands of tyres by 1989-90 and 1994-95 are aro und 21 and 31 million nos. espectively, as per estimates of Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Assocation (ATM A). Preference so farthermost has been towards bias angle, because of the practice of overloading practically no care of tyres by owners / drivers and sorry road conditions. However, some radial passenger car tyres have also been introduced in the market. Due to the higher melting point of nylon-6,6 and polyester as compared to that of nylon-6, the tyre exercise set temperature can be increased to 250 C from 210 C (for nylon-6). This would make curing of tyres faster and hence reduce curing cycle.This would result in higher output and also higher productivity. In practice, howevr, fast curing is not realisable in case of heavy duty tyres as the thicklayer of pace rubber volition get distortedby fast curing. To take advantage of this higher productivity, the tyre manufacturers go forth have to install higher capacity curing furnaces, which will require meaty investment. He nce, before tyre manufacturers sink to install such furnaces, they would like to confirm regular availability of nylon-6,6 tyre cords at bonny prices preferably from more than one supplier. 10The pitch over from nylon-6 to nylon-6,6 would also result in more graduate time in tyre manufacturing. Similarly switch over from nylon to polyester requires change in dip condition, icon dip processing and more downtime. Hence, whatever nylon they use, they will use it for 100 % of their requirements. 0. 2. 6 Tyre Cord and its Suitability for Various Types of Tyres Different types of tyres require tyre cords with different properties, indicated in para 2. 12. Radial tyre or belted tyre designs take adavantage of these different requirements by placing different types of cords in the belt and in the carcass.As per the test carried out by one of the Indian radial tyre manufacturers, nylon-rayon was appoint to be the best combination for Indian conditions. 0. 2. 7 Status of Tyre Cord Indus try -International major(ip) varieties of cords suitable for tyres are cotton, rayon, nylon, polyester, steel, glass fibres and aromatic polyamides. Although flat spotting shown by nylon was originally objected to strongly, nylon has continue to be the preferred tyre cord material because of its price and its superior thermal and fatigue resistance.Nylon-6 is used in Europe and other developing countries firearm nylon-6,6 is more prominent in U. S. A. in general due to the manufacturing facilities established and availability of basic raw material. During the last ten to twelve years development have been largely of evolutionary nature aiming to overcome limitations of vivacious tyre fibres and to make them acceptable for wideruse. 0. 2. 8 Status of Tyre Cord Industry in India tenaciousness of NTC available to Indian tyre manufacturers locally varies from 8. 4 to 9. 4 with average value of 9. 2 gpd.The present demand of NTC in India is around 25,000 TPA which is likely to grow t o 40,000,50,000 and 61,000 TPA by 1990,1995 and 2000 AD respectively. At least for rigorous 10-15 years, even in case of radial tyres, nylon would continue to remain as one of the components either in carcass or as belt material. With the exist manufacturing facilities, the type of vehicles in use and existing road conditions, nylon-6 will remain the material of choice overlook for a sharp quantity of radial tyres for passenger vehicles where polyester may prove to be superior.At present very little nylon-6,6 is used in India, both for textiles and industrial applications. Besides nylon-6,6 is not produced indigenously. Nylon-6,6 is costlier than nylon-6 worldwide and is likely to be more so in India. Nylon-6,6 is unlikely to be used by tyre companies for their bus and truck tyres 11 (weightingage 80%) in near future, mainly due to generation of high shoulder temperature. In view of the above, establishment of fresh production capacities for nylon-6,6 industrial yarn in India m ay not have much scope considring interest of industry as well as the end- drug users. . 2. 9 State ofthe imposture Scene (International) Twenty five leading manufacturers of NTC in the world are listed in para 2. 15. 1. SalientFeatures of modern-day Technologies The technology for manufacture of NTC is standardised as far as polymerisation process is concerned. Product characteristics of different technologies may vary marginally depending upon the type of additives and stabilisers used, design of equipment and control method of production parameters. However, design of spinning plants differs from supplier to supplier.Salient features of coeval technologies of the following technology suppliers who have supplied/offered technologies to India are discussed in detail in para 2. 15. 2. Zimmer A . G. , West Germany. Lurgi GMBH, West Germany. Unitika Ltd. , Japan. E. I. DuPontDeNemours&Co. ,U. S. A. SniaBPD, Italy. some(a) important features of these technology suppliers are describ ed in subsequent paragraphs Zimmer A. G. Zimmer offers production of nylon-6 in continuous polymerisation operation. The specific Zimmer design allows lower water/chip ratio resulting in a high extract content in washing water, thus prudence energy to caprolactam recovery plant.The company offers economic standard design for production capacities of 10 to 50 TPD for high viscosity polymer (tyre cord grade). For caprolactam recovery, Zimmer prefers batch operation for higher tractability regarding quality and capacity. The plant is specifically designed for low caprolactam concentration in waste water, so that it can be either reused in polymerisation plant, or discharged as innocuous waste. 12 For spinning and conscription, Zimmer offers both, the two step separate process and the one step spin draw process. The fountain process favours production of i) lower deniers economically i) low shoplifting yarns iii) large variety of yarn types. The one step spin draw process favours c ontinuous production of heavier denier yarns in large capacities. It results in betteryarn uniformity. .Lurgi GmbH Lurgi offers both continuous polycondensation and batch polycondensation route for nylon-6 for use in tyre cord and other technical/ industrial yarn. Lurgi also offers caprolactam recovery unit deploymerisation and condensation plant and equipment for evaporation of the extracted water, treatment of concentrated caprolactam water and distillation.The company offers technology for conventional speed spinning as well as high speed spin draw process. Untika Ltd. , Japan Unitika offers continuous polymerisation process having a pre-polymeriser coupled with continuous extraction, washing and drying of chips. It also offers caprolactam recovery process. In its polymerisation process, Unitika claims 50% saving in polymerisation time. Viscosity of melt can be adjusted as per requirement during pre-polymerisation. The spinning process offered is both conventional spinning and dr awing as well as spin draw process. E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. U. S. A. Du Ponts industrial yarn process is based on nylon-6,6 salt i. e. hexamethylene diammonium adipate. The company has practised the continuous polymerisation technology and has developed conditions which maximise conversion, maintain slender viscosity control and ensure extended serve life. Nylon-6,6 is produced continuously in a series of five vessels evaporator, reactor, flasher, separator and finisher. Streamlined design of polymer vessels and distribution organization minimises gel formation, recapture of heat and diamine and hence reduces cost of operating system. 3 Preferred Du Pont technology is based on coupling the spinning machine directly to the continuous polymeriser. It also utilises coupled spindraw. The advantages are elimination of chip making, handling, drying and remelting as also provision of maximal polymer uniformity. Du Pont offers extensively developd quality control and laboratory scrutiny procedures and a single, specially formulated fibre finish for all products. SNIABPD SNIA is an Italian company giving process knowhow, plants and equipments for manufacture of nylon filament yarn and tyre cord.The company has the spin draw technology. 0. 2. 10 Latest Developments in Manufacturig Process/Design of Equipment Product Development upstart developments have been in the areas of improved dimensional stability of the cord, higher tenacity of tyre cords and improved heat stabiliser formulations to reduce the mechanical sledding due to heat generation in tyres. Improvements in Polymerisation Process Recent developments in this area include attainment of higher molecular weight by vacuum finishing, solid phase poymerisation to get final polymer free of extractables etc. addition of cosmic string coupling agents. Other significantadvances includes For removal of unconverted monomer For lower level of water extractables in nylon polymer For improved flow and temp erature distribution For transferring heat to the centre of the reactor and also to equalise flow rates Improvements in Spinning Process The developments are directed to achieve higher spinning output upto 97% and to spin NTC of high molecular weight and melt viscosity to have high tenacity tyre cord upto 10 gpd. 0. 2. 1 Critical Evaluation of Contemporary engineering science During initial stage the technology of the synthetic fibre remained with only a 14 Falling inject / spray reactors, reactorsworkingundervacuum. Organic polymer coating, internally, ofVK tube reactors. Incorporation of a tubular heat exchangerinthereactor. Provision of perforated plates and steep aluminium partitions. few giants in the category of front line producers. Because of their conservative attitudes, no rapid technology changes were forth coming.However, the role played by the sovereign engineering companies which took the risks has been a great boon in the development of technology. Technology supp liers can be in the main classified as front line suppliers having production back up like Unitika, Du Pont etc. and engineering companies like Zimmer, Lurgi, etc. Technology from front line producers is superior technology, requiring less time and wastage generation during production stabilisation at plant commissioning stage. However, know-how fees of these suppliers is higher compared to that of engineering companies.Engineering companies have vast experience in plant erection, basic and precise engineering. Know-how fees of these companies are relatively lower. The present trend is to look to the East for technology compatible with that of western countries as it is more economical, although of late, they too are becoming expensive. A project write based on the typical offer of contemporary technology for a 6,000 TPA NTC project is placed at Annexure I. Instead of putting up many belittled size plants, it would be advisable to put up a few large size plants for frugality o f scale.The improvement in quality of polymer is a developmental activity which is continuous at international level. Indian companies should also endeavour to improve quality by adopting new engineering and equipment development either through their own R department or through their technical collaborations. New and better type of additives and catalysts development at international level should be corporal by the Indian companies. Spinning plants having higher spinning efficiency and compactness, are always advisable for a country like India,to reduce the cost of production.One step process of very high spinning speed to make full drawn yarn may not be relevant in India, as at present most of the weaving and cord preparatory processes are of conventional type. So the warning thing would be to change over to quickly available higher throughput equipment. 0. 3 0. 3. 1. TECHNOLOGY submerging AND GAPS R Efforts in National Laboratories/Institutions and Their Tie Up With Industry I nstitutions like IIT, S ASMIRA, MANTRA etc. , private research institutions like 15 Sir Padampat research Centre, Shri Ram Institute of Industrial Reserach etc. nd in-house R centres of manufacturing industry are engaged in insignificant research projects for optimisation of production parameters or improvement of product characteristics. Developing countries like India although gradually set more emphasis on its research and development, have not been able to catch up with their developed or go on counterparts i. e. there is a appreciable time lag between adoption of any particular process in some advanced part of the world and its commissioning in India. The efforts made to bridge this gap in the following areas are as folio ws Indigensation of capital equipments, spares etc.Indigenisation of raw materials. Modifications and improvements in process, plant and equipments. The major constraint faced by manufacturers of indigenous equipments and spares are non-availability of des ign and detailed engineering drawings. patented designs of proprietary equipments by technology suppliers, sources of capital equipments recommended by technology suppliers, limited indigenous demand of such equipments. 0. 3. 2 Indian Standards stipulation As a part of standardisation, the Bureau of Indian Standards has developed IS Specifications for methods of tests for tyre yarns as per the following details.IS4910 divorcei Part II Partlll Part IV Part V PartVI Tyre yarns, cords and tyre cord fabrics made from man made fibres, methods of tests for. Linear density. Breaking load, elongation at break and tenacity. Dippickup Heat shrinkage and heat shrinkage force. Wet contraction and wet contractive force. Definitionofterms. 16 Part VII Part VIII Part IX PartX Part XI Heat degradation. Thickness (gauge) try out Growth Commercial weight. The specifications of polyamide tyre cord warp-sheet for automotive tyres published by the bureau is, IS 119261987. The specifications are given in Table 4. . 3. 3 gainfulness of Indian Industry and its Relationships with Technology At present the profit margins of NTC manufacturers are fairly satisfactory, even with the present conventional technologies and small capacity plants. Interaction with user industry by NTC manufacturers is also quite ethical. However, the constraints in respect of technology absorption faced by Indian NTC industry are low capacities of plant. imported capital equipments, parts and spares, non-availability of trained technological manpower, poor labour management relations. . 3. 4 Export Performance Due to high cost of raw materials and also higher conversion costs due to small capacity plants based on older technologies, the Indian NTC industry has not been able to contribute in the export market. 0. 3. 5 Comparison of Product Specification Between Units In India, the product range and specifications of all the manuacturing units is almost identical. 0. 3. 6 Modernisation Need As mentioned ea rlier, cost of production of Indian NTC industry is higher due to small capacity plants based on older technologies.There is an urgent need to modernise these plants to adopt most advanced technologies and a much higher level of operations. 17 However, for such modernisation substantial funds willlbe required. Financial Institutions are giving soft loans under technology development funds and industries have started taking advantage of this scheme. 0. 3. 7 Technology go against Technology gaps in following areas have been set and discussed in para 3. 9 Product developments do capacity Polymerisation process Melt spining process Indigenous manufacture of plant and equipments Indigenous availability of raw materials, additives and spin finishes etc.Internationally, cords with yams having 8 deniers per filament and upto 3,000 deniers of cords and 11 gpd tenacity are available, while in India cords with yarns having only 6 deniers per filament and 9. 2 gpd tenacity are manufactured. The average plant capacity of NTC in India, till 1983, was 2,000 TP A against the be economic size of plant of 6,000 TP A. Polymerisation Since the modern continuous polymerisation, extraction, washing and drying systems are suited to large capacity, till recently only conventional batch processes were used.Further, continuous polymerisation lines eliminating chip formation (especially in nylon-6,6) and remelting are not in use at preesent, in India. Melt spinning More efficient large capacity spinning equipments are worldness used in the world. These have sophisticated yarn sensing and monitoring systems and hence the quality of yarn is much better with higher throughput. Such latest spinning processes are not available in the country and such technology is now being imported. 18 Reasons for technological gaps are sellers market postal service large number of small capacity plants. otalabsence of exportmarket. good financial performance of Indian Industry even with the availab le technologies. general / absence of R&D efforts and know-why exercises, limited developments in the Indian automobile industry, lackof product upgradation at tyre manufacturers end. To bridge the technological gaps, import of latest spinning equipments and process know-how for spin draw and high speed spinning process, designs and drawings for modernisation of existing polymerisation processes are required. 0. 4. 0 SUGGESTED STEPS TO bridge over TECHNOGICAL GAPThe following suggestions are made to bridge the technological gap a) Latest technology comprising of continuous polymerisation in two stage V K Tube reactors, continuous extraction and drying of chips, spin draw technology or high speed spinning processes for fully oriented yarn may be imported and horizontally transferred in India. Although some pilot film units have been installed by spinners, the industry seems to be delay for customers acceptance. b) Develop indigenous manufacture of selected equipments, wherever it is economically viable and import only latest plant and equipments on selective basis. ) Develop basic and detailed engineering expertise in Indian engineering companies to necessitate import of only design and drawings for new plants rather than package import. An engineering organisation having expertise in basic and detailed engineering should be encouraged for development and transfer of technology for NTC and colligate products. d) Widen R&D efforts both at industry and research institutions level with active friendship and close cooperation between them. e) Provide necessary incentives to indigenous development of manufacture of plant and equipment. 9 f) provide only large sized plants. g) Provide incentives for step up research activities at industry level with close monitoring of such incentives. Establish a aboriginal tyre research institute with facilities to test developments in new designs of tyres, new tyre cord materials and modifications in tyre cord materials. Develop skills in technical personal, by arranging training abroad or by arranging traimng programmes by institutions like IIT, S ASMIR A, etc. and constant interaction with foreign experts. 20