Ethical Issues Of Children Are A Precious Gift From God...

Children are a precious gift from God with blessing. However, these children with no special power are mortal beings, who may also suffer sickness and disease. As parents, the responsibilities of children are to care, protect and provide beneficences due to they are incompetent to make own decisions yet. Nevertheless, in some circumstances, the decisions, are made by parents, may deteriorate youngster s health condition. In addition, the worsening health problem may cause and bring various moral issues. In this case study, it is about an 8-year-old boy, James, who had acute glomerulonephritis and became a renal failure. Due to the choice of parents, Mike and Joanne, the boy who was delayed treatment and needs to receive permanent dialysis and also require the kidney transplant within the year . Currently, the perfect donor is the twin brother, Samuel, who is also 8 years old. This essay is going to identify and analysis the ethical issues as well as Christian principles and values among this case. Identification and Analysis of Ethical Issues and Christian Principles and Values Issue 1- Treatment Refusal In the beginning of this case, the attending physician of suggested immediate dialysis; however, Mike and Joanne opposed the medical advice. The aim of treatment refusal was based on the principle of beneficence and non-maleficence. Beneficence is the principle of requiring doing good and refers to the obligation to act for the benefit of others (Lecture 3). As parentsShow MoreRelatedLife Is A Precious Thing Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesLife is a precious thing. For some, bringing life into this world is a calling, a deeply felt desire to have a child. Unfortunately, pregnancy can come with its own complications. 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It would be out of the question to reply: And you think the contrary because you are a man, for it is understood that the fact of being a man is no peculiarity. A man is in the right in being a man; it is the woman who is in the wrongRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 Pages6 2.2.1. The Principles of Confucianism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 2.2.2. The Confucian Revival†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 2.3. Human Behavior: Nurture versus Nature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 3. Background Information†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 3.1. China’s Media Reform†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 3.1.1. From Class Struggle to Cultural Education: Changes in the Media Landscape†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 3.1.2. The Effectiveness of the Media Reform: An Ideological Chokehold†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 3.2. Confucianism in journey to the West†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 4. Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 PagesWisdom in Europe: Some Highlights 5 Renaissance Humor: Erasmus, Rabelais, Cervantes, Shakespeare 5 Two European Russians: Anton Chekhov and Vladimir Soloviev 9 Reflections on Humor from Nietzsche to the Theatre of the Absurd 12 Humor and Wisdom in the United States: Lincoln, Beecher, Twain, Sandburg, and Buchwald 17 From The Times (of London) obituary on him (January 19, 2007) that mentioned his â€Å"wit and wisdom† in its title, available at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article1294342Read MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesRastafari This page intentionally left blank Rastafari From Outcasts to Culture Bearers Ennis Barrington Edmonds 2003 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata KualaRead MoreThe Rise of China and Future of the West17670 Words   |  71 Pagesthe rules and leadership of the international system. And as the worlds largest country emerges not from within but outside the established post-World War II international order, it is a drama that will end with the grand ascendance of China and the onset of an Asian-centered world order. THE FUTURE OF CHINA AND NORTH ASIA MAINLAND CHINA, HONG KONG, TAIWAN, JAPAN, SOUTH AND NORTH KOREA. FROM HERE TO 2030 SUMMARY: Revision 2005 The global population of the North East Asia (China, Taiwan, Japan

Fire and Its Social and Economical Problem Free Essays

Fire has been called the foundation of human civilization. Fire provides warmth and heat, protecting us from the ravages of the elements . Fire gives us light to see in the dark and to signal other people who may be looking for us. We will write a custom essay sample on Fire and Its Social and Economical Problem or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its light also tends to keep predatory animals away. Fire enables cooking, which improves the taste of many foods and helps eliminate harmful bacteria. In extreme situations, fire can be used as a weapon, brandished against wild animals or others who intend us harm. Fire plays an important role in various aspects of the Hindu Tradition. It is both the creator and destroyed of life. Uncontrolled and misuse of fire can cause tremendous adverse impacts on the environment and the human society. Forest fire is a major cause of degradation of India’s forests. Some common causes of fire in the houses are kitchen stoves, electric blankets, faulty wiring, clothes dryers, lighting, LPG, candles, crackers, flammable liquids etc. The potential for fire is present in any workplace. But, if you’re aware of the causes and conditions, if you’re prepared, and if you think before you act, the risk of a workplace fire and its damaging effects – on you, your co-workers or your company – can be minimized. Fire extinguishers are a critical component of saving property and lives in the case of a fire emergency. Ensure that fire protection equipment (i. e. , sprinklers, smoke/heat detectors, alarms, fire hoses, fire extinguishers, and fire blankets) are maintained, available for use, and not impaired or concealed. Make sure fire extinguishers correspond to the potential risk. Know where they’re located and how to use them. Good housekeeping practices and fire fighting training are the crucial to fire prevention. Ultimately it is the extra economic burden on the society. How to cite Fire and Its Social and Economical Problem, Papers

Protecting Electronic Medical Records free essay sample

A look at how technology improves health care services This paper examines the way advanced technology improves health care. The author looks at various fields for improvement such as quality of health care, costs of health care and the storing of health care information. Included is an analysis of objectives and opportunities for this new system. Table of Contents Cover Page Table of Contents Executive Summary Problem Definition/Opportunity Objectives Data Analysis Changes in the Health Care Delivery System? Managed care New Users of Health Information? Integrated Delivery System The Electronic Medical Record? Content of Electronic Medical Records? Advantages of Electronic Medical Records? Disadvantages of Electronic Medical Records Why is Protection of Medical Records Information Critical? Examples of Misuse? Improper Disposal? Improper Disclosure? Improper Access Methods By Which Electronic Records May Be Protected Current Federal and State Legislation Federal Protections? Privacy Act of 1974? Freedom of Information Act of 1966? Americans with Disabilities Act? Medicare Conditions of Participation? Constitutional Law State Protections? Statutes? Common Law Private Sector Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Findings Recommendation Bibliography From the paper: Information technology promises many benefits to health care. We will write a custom essay sample on Protecting Electronic Medical Records or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By helping to make accurate information more readily available to providers, payers, researchers, administrators, and patients, advanced computing and communications technology can help improve the quality and lower the costs of health care. Information technology is becoming increasingly important to the health care industry as organizations attempt to find ways of lowering the costs of care while improving its quality. Much of the demand for information technology is driven by structural changes in the health care industry and its methods of care. At the same time, the prospect of storing health information in electronic form raises concerns about patient privacy and data security.

Was Napoleon the Child or Heir of Revolution free essay sample

This paper aims to discuss the rise of the extraordinary military leader namely Napoleon Bonaparte-a small man who left behind a huge legacy for the entire world. He rose to stardom at a time when France was suffering from gruesome socio-economic conditions; hence, the French Revolution of 1789 contributed towards his rising fame. At the grass root level, it will explore the causes of the French Revolution and how Napoleon rose to power. Some of the factors that will be discussed are as follows: society under the ‘Ancien Regime’, economic conditions, financial difficulties, influence of other successful revolutions, introduction to revolutionary ideas and age of enlightenment, existence of absolute monarchy. It moves on to analyze whether Napoleon Bonaparte was the child or betrayer of the French revolution. It will also assess whether Napoleon Bonaparte met all the goals of French Revolution namely liberty, equality and fraternity while he repeatedly proclaimed that his efforts reflected him as the ‘savior’ of the Revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Napoleon the Child or Heir of Revolution? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also aims to make a brief comparative study of the various efforts that Napoleon made which supported the ideas of the Revolution while others that sharply diverges from it. This paper will also discuss the second major theme: how did he blunder to glory by capitalizing on his opponents’ mistakes? It is surprising that even at a distance of two centuries; the extraordinary career of Napoleon Bonaparte exerts a great appeal. Some have granted him the status of a military genius, pointing to his command of the battlefield, his expertise and competence as an organizer and his charismatic leadership. Others, however, have proposed that there were significant blind spots in his strategic thinking, debating that he relied greatly on the work of his predecessors and that he was an improviser who ‘scrambled’ to victory rather than an effective forward planner. Some of the particular traits that will be discussed are: mastery at the battlefield, command and control, planning and improvisation. An interconnected line of argument is that his inevitable collapse owed as much to his own shortcomings and mistakes as it did to the limitations of his opponents. Indeed it is possible to distinguish the origins of Napoleon’s imminent breakdown in the very characteristics and virtues that initially helped him to rule the continent of Europe. This final argument will demonstrate that Napoleon is the greatest commander the world has ever seen. He undeniably created the modern warfare both in scale and conduct despite the presence of several loops in his tactics. This paper is divided into three main sections. The first main section exclusively focuses on Napoleon Bonaparte being the child or betrayer of French Revolution. Its first sub-section elucidates the causes of French Revolution. The second sub-section focuses on the assertion that Napoleon was the child or betrayer of Revolution by examining whether its goals of liberty, equality and fraternity were fulfilled by illustrating both sides of the argument. The second main section focuses on Napoleon at war and his shrewd military skills and elaborates whether his craftsmanship contributed towards success or sowed seeds of his ultimate decline. The first sub-section is on Napoleon’s exhibition of mastery and valor in terms of command and control, planning and improvisation at the battlefield. The second sub-section talks about the uniqueness of Napoleon Bonaparte and whether he was the author of his downfall. The third main section concludes both the arguments presented in the first two main sections.

ILGWU - International Ladies Garment Workers Union

ILGWU - International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union The International Ladies Garment Workers Union, known as ILGWU or ILG, was founded in 1900. Most of the members of this textile workers union were women, often immigrants. It began with a few thousand members and had 450,000 members in 1969. Early Union History In 1909, many ILGWU members were part of the Uprising of 20,000, a fourteen-week strike. The ILGWU accepted a 1910 settlement that failed to recognize the union, but that did gain important working condition concessions and improvement in wages and hours. The 1910 Great Revolt, a strike of 60,000 cloakmakers, was led by the ILGWU. Louis Brandeis and others helped bring the strikers and manufacturers together, resulting in wage concessions by the manufacturers and another key concession: recognition of the union. Health benefits were also part of the settlement. After the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, in which 146 died, the ILGWU lobbied for safety reforms. The union found its membership increasing. Controversies Over Communist Influence Left-wing socialists and members of the Communist Party rose to considerable influence and power, until, in 1923, a new president, Morris Sigman, began to purge communists from union leadership positions. This led to an internal conflict, including a 1925 work stoppage. While the union leadership battled internally, the manufacturers hired gangsters to break a long 1926 general strike on the part of a New York local led by Communist Party members. David Dubinsky followed Sigman as president. He had been an ally of Sigmans in the struggle to keep Communist Party influence out of the unions leadership. He made little progress in promoting women to leadership positions, though union membership remained overwhelmingly female. Rose Pesotta for years was the only woman on the executive board of the ILGWU. The Great Depression and 1940s The Great Depression and then the National Recovery Act influenced the unions strength. When the industrial (rather than craft) unions formed the CIO in 1935, the ILGWU was one of the first member unions. But though Dubinsky did not want the ILGWU to leave the AFL, the AFL expelled it. The ILGWU rejoined the AFL in 1940. Labor and Liberal Party - New York Leadership of the ILGWU, including Dubinsky and Sidney Hillman, were involved in the founding of the Labor Party. When Hillman refused to support purging communists from the Labor Party, Dubinsky, but not Hillman, left to start the Liberal Party in New York. Through Dubinsky and until he retired in 1966, the ILGWU was supportive of the Liberal Party. Declining Membership, Merger In the 1970s, concerned with declining union membership and the movement of many textile jobs overseas, the ILGWU spearheaded a campaign to Look for the Union Label. In 1995, ILGWU merged with the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union (ACTWU) into the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE). UNITE in turn merged in 2004 with the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE) to form UNITE-HERE. The ILGWUs history is important in labor history, socialist history, and Jewish history as well as labor history.

Facts are More Important Than Being First

Facts are More Important Than Being First Facts are More Important Than Being First Facts are More Important Than Being First By Mark Nichol Thanks to technology, everyone who wants to be a writer and publisher can easily do so online. Unfortunately, this ease has resulted in a lot of unease about how information is disseminated. Early online information about the recent massacre of children and adults at a Connecticut school is a case in point. Initial reports identified the killer as a man named Ryan Lanza, though, as it turns out, Lanza’s younger brother, the real perpetrator of this horror, who killed himself, had apparently used his brother’s identification during the incident. But by the time this ruse was detected, the innocent brother had been harassed and threatened online by people who read or heard the inaccurate information, and he issued distraught denials on his Facebook page. Imagine the tragedy that would have occurred if some self-righteous vigilante, missing or ignoring his declaration of innocence, had stormed the elder Lanza’s home or office and killed him. In addition, reports varied about the number and type of guns the perpetrator used, prompting online debates about gun control based on the firepower and capacity of the weapons apparently used. Such careless argument before the facts are straight just confuses what is already an emotionally charged social issue. News media, including television and radio news programs and newspapers and magazines, sometimes make such mistakes, and when the information is significant, such sources retract it as soon as possible. Sometimes, it’s too late, and the damage is done. But usually, because of generally stringent standards for gathering facts for reporting, the erroneous information is never released in the first place. But now that virtually anyone, anywhere can post or otherwise disseminate mistaken â€Å"facts,† the risk of tragic consequences is multiplied. Even fairly innocuous information can be damaging, so take care when passing along a piece of news: 1. Before blogging or tweeting information, verify though reputable news sources or, better yet, directly from those involved that it is correct. (Two other ways of putting it: If something seems too good to be true, it probably is, and, more lightheartedly, if your mother tells you she loves you, check it out.) 2. Being correct is more important than being first. 3. Clearly distinguish fact from opinion in your own commentary, and be alert for your own biases. 4. If you do introduce or repeat misinformation, correct it as soon and as prominently as possible. 5. Most important, if you fail to heed any of these tips, learn from your failures so that next time, there is no next time. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 111 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your WritingOppose and Opposed To

Critically examine theory of demand supported by the examples from Essay

Critically examine theory of demand supported by the examples from wine Industry (moldovan wine) - Essay Example In other words, there is a likelihood of people tending to purchase a different product that can give them the same satisfaction or other alternatives in which they spend a smaller amount of money (Cachon & Terwiesch, 47). The relationship between price and quantity demanded is represented in the figure below (fig. 1) There are various determinants of the quantity demanded, which lead to a shift in the demand curve. The shift is either outwards whereby the demand of a product goes up or goes down (inward shift). Consumer tastes and preferences are among the determinants that can either increase or decrease the demand (Fairey, 31). For example, if consumers gain confidence in Moldovan Wine, they are likely to buy more than other kinds of wines. In such a situation, even if the price increases and that of other wines reduce, the demand may not react to the price changes. The tastes of consumers shift the demand to the right. On the other hand, if it does not satisfy consumer preferences, the demand falls (shifts to the left). The number of consumers in the particular market is also a major determinant of demand. If more consumers enter the market, the quantity demanded increases (Cachon & Terwiesch, 66). For example, if the number of Russian and other nationals in the region increases in South Africa during the FIFA world cup, the demand for Miestii Mici may rise as people tend to get a taste of the wine that they are used to. In the regions where the wine is not known to many consumers, less of it is consumed. The income of consumers also affects the demand of a commodity. For example, Miestii Mici is affordable to even the low income consumers and therefore the demand is usually high among people of diverse income levels. The prices of related goods are also a major determinant of the demand for a product. If there happens to be another product that can be used as a substitute for the Moldovan wine, consumers tend to purchase what is easily

Stress and Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stress and Health - Essay Example This website provides basic, yet critical information on the relationship between stress and health. According to Krantz, Thorn and Kiecolt-Glasser (2013), stress refers to the â€Å"fight or flight response† when faced with a threat. This response results in increased blood pressure, elevated heart rate and energy production which could have serious health consequences irrespective of the magnitude of stress. Sudden emotional stresses could trigger arrhythmias, heart attacks or even sudden death. The longer the stress period, the worse the effects, thus the resultant irritability, lack of concentration and wearing and tearing of the body. Existing problems such as coronary diseases could worsen leading to cardiovascular risk. Having been informed of the negative health consequences of stress, the website would further educate Felina on ways to increase positive affect, including building strong relationships, resting and seeking help. This has been noted to decrease cardiovas cular risks and thus decrease the negative health effects of stress. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2013, February). Relaxation techniques for health: An introduction. Retrieved 15 January 2014 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/stress/relaxation.htm From this website sponsored by the US Department of Health and Human Services through the National Institutes of Health, Felina would learn of the health benefits associated with effective stress management. In this case, relaxation techniques, including mind and body practices, release tension and counteract the negative effects of stress. The techniques slow down heart rate, decrease levels of stress hormones and oxygen consumption and lower blood pressure. Analyzing past studies, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, NCCAM (2013) documents that relaxation reduces surgery and abdominal pain, nausea due to chemotherapy and smoking desire, controls urinary urgency and

Othello Essay Example for Free

Othello Essay In the play Othello written by Shakespeare, the issue of racism is addressed. Othello, the protagonist of the play, is African American or black. â€Å"According to Lois Whitney, many of Othello’s specific attributes probably derive from Shakespeare’s reading of Leo Africanus, whose Geographical Historie of Africa which was translated and published in London in 1600†(Berry, 1990). Many critics have different views on this. â€Å"If Shakespeare depended upon Leo Africanus for such details, he must have been much more interested in racial psychology than critics such as Bradley or Heilman suggest†(Berry, 1990). One of the most prominent features of this Shakespeare play is the numerous references to Othellos skin color made by multiple characters however some critics tend to ignore or underplay the issue of Othello’s race. Many critics have different views and arguments on Othello’s skin color. â€Å"A. C. Bradley, fro example, asserts that in regards to the essentials of his character Othello’s race is unimportant, and that Shakespeare would have laughed if anyone had congratulated him on the accuracy of his racial psychology† (Skura 2008). Others differ and believe Othello’s race was important. â€Å"Laurence Lemer calls Othello the story of a barbarian who relapses and concludes that Shakespeare suffered from colour prejudice† (Berry, 1990). Throughout the play Othello is referred to as a Moor. Moor is a term meaning a descent from Africa. â€Å"Harold Clarke Goddard argues that Othello is neither a Negro nor a Moor but any many who is more beautiful within than he is without† (Skura, 2008). Some critics even put the audience of the play into consideration. The potential impact of his physical appearance upon audiences is suggested by Charles Lamb’s frank admission that although he could find Othello admirable in the reading he was only repelled by the figure of a coal-black Moor on stage, he concluded that the play should rather be read and not seen† (Berry, 1990). Many critics have tended to ignore or underplay the issue of Othello’s skin color, but these select critics have not. Along with critics making references to Othello’s race, many characters in the play do as well. The characters that are most racist refer to Othello by his real name less than the people who are least racist. â€Å"Othello’s blackness is not only a mark of his physical alienation but a symbol, to which every character in the play himself included must respond† (Berry, 1990). Othello does not refer to himself as African but rather as an exotic Venetian. Other characters do not see Othello as that. Many characters call Othello numerous names other than his real one. â€Å"For Iago Othello is an old black ram, the devil, and a barbary horse† (Berry, 1990). Many see Othello’s blackness as a symbol of ugliness, bestiality, treachery, and demonic. None of those words describe how Othello really is. Those words are the stereotypical definition of what a black man is. This stereotypical definition puts Othello is a predicament and makes his acceptance in the Venetian society difficult. â€Å"Once such critics conclude that Othello is not a stereotype, he tends to lose his individuality as a Moor and to become a representative of humanity† (Berry, 1990). The stereotypical image of a black man plays an important role in the play’s ending. Since this play is a tragedy and Othello is a tragic hero, his blackness does play a role in that. A tragic hero is the protagonist in a tragedy. This play is a tragedy considering Othello commits murder and ultimately takes his own life. â€Å"Othello’s Africanness is crucial to his tragedy not because of what he is, innately or culturally but because of how he is perceived by others and himself† (Skura, 2008). If it wasn’t for Othello being black, the play may have had a different outcome. Throughout the play, Othello sees himself either as an exotic Venetian, a convert in the fullest sense, capable of complete assimilation, or he sees himself as a barbarian, worthy of destruction† (Berry, 1990). In the play Othello was worthy of destruction. It was the racism and hatred that drove him to it. If the other characters weren’t so judgmental about his skin color, the play would have ended very differently. â€Å"His failure to break free of this constricting framework, to achieve a true sense of personal identity, is one of the play’s most powerful sources of tragic feeling† (Berry, 1990). With all the commotion over Othello’s race, it really didn’t give him a chance to be himself. By him being black, it makes him feel less accepted into his society. â€Å"Othello attempts to shape an image of himself that will win acceptance in Venice† (Berry, 1990). Critics also even see how Othello’s identity is altered by the constant racial tension against him in the play. â€Å"Stephen Greenblatt argues, Othello’s identity depends upon a constant performance of his story, a loss of his own origins, an embrace and perpetual reiteration of the norms of another culture† (Greenblatt, 1990). All of this racism in the play causes Othello some serious anxiety. Anxiety is a condition that can drive an individual to do things that are out of character for them. â€Å"He cannot probe the real cause of his anxiety because to do so would be utterly destructive, leaving him with only two options: to embrace his blackness and hurl its beauty and power in the face of his enemies, as does Aaron in Titus Andronicus, or to internalize their image of him and yield to self-loathing† (Berry, 1990). Othello doesn’t really do either in the play. He let others put thoughts into his head about his wife cheating on him with another man, which led to a murder scene where he killed his wife and in the end took his own life too. â€Å"His immediate reaction to the murder thus reflects his divided image of himself: he is either doomed like all great men or destroyed by his own blackness† (Skura, 2008). Based on the evidence in the play, Othello is definitely destroyed by his own blackness. His blackness is what drove him to commit the murder and kill himself. In conclusion, Othello’s skin color is central to the play. â€Å"It is important not merely because Shakespeare portrays Othello as a Moor or because racial tension and anxiety pervade the atmosphere of Venetian society, affecting Othello’s relationship with every character and increasing his susceptibility to Iago’s appeal; it is important because Othello himself in his aspirations towards assimilation and anxieties about his blackness, internalizes a false dichotomy that can only dehumanize him† (Berry, 1990). This play does give the stereotype of black people a negative name. Many critics argue what role his race played in the play. Some think it was really important while others argue it wasn’t important at all. One of the most prominent features of this Shakespeare play is the numerous references to Othellos skin color made by multiple characters however some critics tend to ignore or underplay the issue of Othello’s race.

Civic Electronic Networks :: Political Science Essays

Civic Electronic Networks Who would ever believe that a stereo-typical gangster teenager and a wealthy businessman would ever be able to debate and have equal say in government politics and their community affairs? With technology advancing almost daily, many cities like Santa Monica, California and Blacksburg, Virginia, have been able to make equal communication possible with the use of civic electronic networks. These civic electronic networks allow citizens to speak and debate openly on any topic they desire. John Schwartz and Pamela Varley wrote articles describing actual experiments with electronic democracy that took place in Blacksburg, Virginia, and Santa Monica, California. Though each city used very different scenarios for their civic electronic network, both of these real-life cases allowed for people to actually test and participate in the civic electronic network and see its impacts on their community. Blacksburg Electronic Village, or BEV, was created in Blacksburg, Virginia with the money by grants from Bell Atlantic and the cooperation of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. With around 60 percent of Blacksburgs citizens having email, 40 percent having full Internet access, and all-access computers in the library almost the whole town is wired. John Schwartz, a science writer at the Washington Post, wrote an article entitled The American Dream, and Email for All, describing the experiences of community members of Blacksburg, Virginia. He explained how the BEV successfully fused small-town folk with high-tech communications(242). Schwarz explains, that the BEV has not only acted as a communication tool for the town but as an asset to each individuals personal life. People of Blacksburg, Virginia are able to pay their bills, print-and-redeem coupons, and have custom-order packages delivered via the BEV. According to Schwartz, The folks in Blacksburg dont yearn for the flash and dazzle if it doesnt have payoff in utility(241). The BEV seemed to work incredibly well for the citizens of Blacksburg, but would a system like that work everywhere? Probably not. Being a small town, almost all the citizens have access, and most of the community businesses were able to promote their trade easily, so no one was left out of the loop. Also, because Blacksburg is a town where everybody knows each other there wasnt much uncivil commentary. A community member explained, (In Blacksburg), if you yell at somebody, theres a good chance youre going to see them on the street. So, folks in this small town were lucky, however, in a city or large suburban area things could have been very different.

Literature Review How to write

Literature Review How to write BY Ravit*G1 Article 1 : Writing a Literature Review What is a Literature Review? A literature review is a survey and discussion of the literature in a given area of study. It is a concise overview of what has been studied, argued, and established about a topic, and it is usually organized chronologically or thematically. A literature review is written in essay format. It is not an annotated bibliography, because it groups related works together and discusses trends and developments rather than focusing on one item at a time.It is not a summary; rather, it evaluates previous and urrent research in regard to how relevant and/or useful it is and how it relates to your own research. A Literature Review is more than an Annotated Bibliography or a summary, because you are organizing and presenting your sources in terms of their overall relationship to your own project. Purpose A literature review is written to highlight specific arguments and ideas in a field of study. By highlighting these arguments, the writer attempts to show what has been studied in the field, and also where the weaknesses, gaps, or areas needing further study are.The review should therefore also demonstrate to the reader why the riter's research is useful, necessary, important, and valid. Questions a Literature Review Should Answer: Asking questions such as the following will help you sift through your sources and organize your literature review. Remember, the literature review organizes the previous research in the light of what you are planning to do in your own project. What's been done in this topic area to date? What are the significant discoveries, key concepts, arguments, and/or theories that scholars have put forward? Which are the important works?On which particular areas of the topic has previous research oncentrated? Have there been developments over time? What methodologies have been used? Are there any gaps in the research? Are there areas that haven't been looked at closely yet, but which should be? Are there new ways of looking at the topic? Are there improved methodologies for researching this subject? What future directions should research in this subject take? How will your research build on or depart from current and previous research on the topic? What contribution will your research make to the field?Length The length ofa literature review varies depending on its purpose and audience. In a hesis or dissertation, the review is usually a full chapter (at least 20 pages), but for an assignment it may only be a few pages. Structure There are several ways to organize and structure a literature review. Two common ways are chronologically and thematically. Chronological: In a chronological review, you will group and discuss your sources in order of their appearance (usually publication), highlighting the changes in research in the field and your specific topic over time.This method is useful for papers focusing on research metho dology, historiographical papers, and other writing where time becomes an important lement. For example, a literature review on theories of mental illness might present how the understanding of mental illness has changed through the centuries, by giving a series of examples of key developments and ending with current theories and the direction your research will take. Thematic: In a thematic review, you will group and discuss your sources in terms of the themes or topics they cover.This method is often a stronger one organizationally, and it can help you resist the urge to summarize your sources. By grouping themes or topics of research together, you will e able to demonstrate the types of topics that are important to your research. For example, if the topic of the literature review is changes in popular music, then there might be separate sections on research involving the production of music, research on the dissemination of music, research on the interpretation of music, and hist orical studies of popular music.No matter which method you choose, remember: Within each section of a literature review, it is important to discuss how the research relates to other studies (how is it similar or different, what other studies have been done, etc. as well as to demonstrate how it relates to your own work. This is what the review is for: don't leave this connection out! Source : http://www. smu. ca/ administration/library/litrev. html Article 2 : Write a Literature Review 1.Introduction Not to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e. g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic. 2. Components Similar to primary research, development of the literature review requires four stages: Problem formula tion†which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?Literature search†finding materials relevant to the subject being explored Data evaluation†determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic Analysis and interpretation† discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature Literature reviews should comprise the following elements: An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the bjectives of the literature review Division of works under review into categories (e. g. hose in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely) Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of researc h In assessing each piece, consideration should be given to: Provenance†What are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e. . primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)? Objectivity†ls the author's perspective even- handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point? Persuasiveness†Which of the author's theses are most/least convincing? Value†Are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject? 3. Definition and Use/PurposeA literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to: Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort Point the way forward for further researchPlace one's original work (in the case ot theses or dissertations) in the context ot existing literature The literature review itself, however, does not present new primary scholarship. http://library. ucsc. edu/help/howto/write-a-literature-review What is a review of the literature? A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. Occasionally you will be asked to write one as a separate assignment (sometimes in the form of an annotated bibliography†see the bottom of the next page), but more often it is part of the introduction to an essay, research eport, or thesis.In writing the literature revie w, your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e. g. , your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is not Just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review lets you gain and demonstrate skills in two areas 1 . formation seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books 2. critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies. A literature review must do these things 1 . be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing 2. synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known 3. identify areas of controversy in the literature 4. ormulate questions that need further research Ask yourself questions like these: . What is the specific thesis, problem, or research question that my literature review helps to define? 2. What type of literature review am I conducting? Am I looking at issues of theory? methodology? policy? quantitative research (e. g. on the effectiveness of a new procedure)? qualitative research (e. g. , studies )? 3. What is the scope of my literature revie w? What types ot publications am I using (e. g. , Journals, books government documents, popular media)?What discipline am I working in (e. g. , nursing psychology, sociology, medicine)? 4. How good was my information seeking? Has my search been wide enough to ensure I've found all the relevant material? Has it been narrow enough to exclude irrelevant material? Is the number of sources I've used appropriate for the length of my paper? 5. Have I critically analysed the litera ture I use? Do I follow through a set of concepts and questions, comparing items to each other in the ways they deal with them?

Legal, social, and economics of Business Essay

The scenario in question gives us the portfolio of a person that likes to do things around the home and has come up with an idea that might benefit his/her home and perhaps other homes globally. Another version of this idea already exists on the market but the person believes his invention might further simplify and make the â€Å"appliance† more user friendly and safer. This person does not have available funds for the project and would therefore have to look to an outsider to complete the task at hand. The inventor has researched the market of the other â€Å"appliance† and found that it has an annual growth of 2%. He believes this invention could increase that growth because he thinks this invention might be used in many other â€Å"appliances† making the product quite versatile and therefore appealing to a wide range of markets. For the person to be able to make a wise decision about how to make his project a reality we look at three types of business, the sole proprietorship, general partnership and corporation, while considering the advantages and disadvantages. After looking thoroughly at these types of businesses, we try to make an informed decision in which type to recommend for the project, keeping in mind all the aspects of the persons â€Å"limitations†. These three types of businesses all have their advantages and disadvantages and based on those we determine that general partnership would be the smartest way to proceed, as the persons â€Å"limitations† minimize the chances of the two other options succeeding. Let us start by looking at closely at the three business types in question regarding the scenario. Sole proprietorship, a business owned and operated by one person. Advantages: He would be in full control, and accountable to no one but himself. In the case listed this could be good because he could manage his time between his business and the home equally, on the other hand it might also bring difficulties both to the home and business as one might suffer from the other. Managing a business by oneself must be a difficult task. It is easily achievable. The startup of a sole proprietorship would be easy, but does success come from ease? There must be some risks and difficulties involved. Less money to be raised for starting up the business. As written in the scenario, the subject does not have access to large funds, therefore this could be a less financially upsetting way to start. Disadvantages: He would be liable for all the debts of the business personally, there is no limit to his liability. Putting his family’s financial security at risk might not seem a good idea and hardly appealing to his spouse, but taking a considerable amount of risk would be necessary. He might find it difficult to attain funding. Being an individual with low â€Å"net worth† banks and other loan facilities might not want to take the chance of lending the money for the project. General partnership, two or more persons whom share monetary responsibilities. Advantages: Growth possibilities. As described in the scenario the idea could be usable with several â€Å"appliances† making the project likely to have considerable growth potential in time. Easier to attain funding. If two or more individuals take up partnership it is more likely to be appealing to monetary facilities to fund the project because two individuals are worth more than just one. Both partners are taxed as individuals. Only one level of taxation. Partners are taxed according to their partnership agreement and have full control over how their income is allocated in accordance to their interests as long as there is economic reason. Disadvantages: One person may be liable for all debts. If for example a person would only be letting someone use their name in the partnership agreement, that same person, even if he or she could prove never to have had anything to do with the business itself, could be liable. It is therefore extremely important to have a good, detailed partnership agreement that covers all aspects of the partnership. Conveyance of ownership can be arduous. If for example one of the partners died, the partnership would go to his next of kin or whomever is his or her heir. This could be a problem if that person is not interested in the partnership or for any other reason is unable to uphold the partnership agreement. Corporation, a business where owners have separate status from the business itself and are only financially liable at part. Advantages: The owners are only liable for the funds they bring into the business. There is an exception from this rule, if the incorporation of the company was not â€Å"up to par†, an owner can be held liable. The business is not reliant on the owners to continue. The board members can easily agree on â€Å"pushing† an owner out of the corporation, which can be become a reality in this particular scenario if the inventor or initial owner of the corporation does not have a â€Å"bulletproof† agreement and/or patent of the product of the corporation. If an owner dies or by any other means cannot uphold his status in the corporation it does not affect the corporation itself. Disadvantages: Costly startup. As written before, the subject is not a person of great means. Starting a corporation could be extremely difficult for this person. Rules and regulations. There are different rules and regulations in accordance with where the corporation is incorporated, for the subject it might be a wise decision to incorporate in another state than where he lives, which in turn could make the spouse unhappy for it would obviously make the home life difficult and/or resolve in them having to move the whole family to a new place. The owner as well as the business are taxed separately, making the income double taxed. â€Å"First, a corporation pays income taxes on company profits. Then stockholders pay taxes on their income (in form of dividends) returned by their investments.†( Ebert, R. J., & Griffin,R. W. (2011), page 48) To make an informed decision regarding the type of business that best fits the person’s interests, abilities and the product, the first step for the person could be to have the idea assessed. There are several businesses that offer that kind of services and for this particular scenario it might be the best thing to do. From reading the scenario it is apparent that the persons spouse is insecure about the whole affair and by having the idea or invention assessed the inventor could get an experienced professional in this field to assess the product regarding manufacturing possibilities, consumer needs, legal aspects and distribution, before he jumps in â€Å"at the deep end† and puts his family’s financial security at risk. Having done that, based on the assessment, he could make an informed decision regarding the business type best suitable. After reading the scenario and studying the business types it would be likely that the best type in this case would be General partnership. That recommendation is based on the fact that the person is low on funding options and taking in consideration the families security, sole proprietorship seems too risky because the person would have to create large debts in the beginning to just produce the product, that is, if any type of monetary company would want to risk lending to the person in the first place. Also by opting for sole proprietorship, all obligations of the business would fall on the person, making the venture potentially minimize family time. Even though sole proprietorship could result in great personal success and money if all went as planned, the initial risk would be too great, especially when taken into consideration the fact that the person has little or no managerial skills. By choosing general partnership, the person could, after having the invention assessed, and perhaps patented the â€Å"appliance†, make detailed business plan that could be presented to one or more potential business partners with access to large funds and /or good credit, being careful in choosing someone who can bring to the table something that compensates his shortcomings, like his lack of managerial skills. General partnership also divides the risk, making the project more appealing to the persons spouse. By creating a â€Å"bulletproof† detailed partnership agreement it minimizes the risk of all factors of the disadvantages in general partnership. Choosing the corporation type at this time would not be wise because it requires large funds and could prove too large an undertaking for the person at this point. That however does not mean things cannot change in time.

10 Informative Essay Topics on Art in Late Antiquity

10 Informative Essay Topics on Art in Late Antiquity If you are tasked with writing an informative essay on art in Late Antiquity, review the 10 facts below. These are taken from across the specified time period and across the different movements in art which were revered by religious leaders and the general public alike. Be sure to review all ten in order to find something substantial and ideally suitable for your next writing assignment: Art transformed from the Middle Ages where it focused on bright colors to draw attention to the contrast between the main characters within the artwork in pieces symbolizing of love and sensuality. Painters of the Renaissance period used lighting and the force of contrast and shadow effects, drawing attention to the fact that love has different forms, not just an emotional response but also the love of body and sensuality. The Middle Ages would focus upon the same content, using different artistic ideals to convey sacred ideas. This piece focuses on displaying scenes from the Bible with contrast in lighting meant to reflect the angelic nature of man or prophets to those pieces. During the Middle Ages, the religious movement which came from this transitional period is referred to as â€Å"Modern Devotion† which encouraged people to seek a personal relationship with God through reading and meditating upon the scriptures (Davies 469). Soon there was an artistic movement of stressed Naturalism. This painting is consistent with the themes of the time, indicated by the subject and many other facets. Oil paintings which had a close resemblance to optimal reality became the major artistic style. Roman-based artists were spread throughout Rome and Europe and responded to the conflict with Humanism. Refinement became synonymous with Humanism for the emerging middle class. New definitions of beauty were explored by conscious artists who meant experimenting with ideal figure types, proportions, and unusual compositions. With Late Antiquity there came many changes, including the land conquest lead by Constantine, and after his anointment to power, the promotion of his new religion: Christianity. It is because of his triumph in battle that he had the Church of St. Peter constructed in its honor. This church would have been considered a temple by the Romans and the architecture used for it was typical of Roman public buildings. It assumed the name â€Å"basilica† as it encompassed the architectural traits of a basilica. Another aspect to the changing religious tides were related to the dead. The first centuries of Christianity brought with them the catacombs, or underground network of passages in which to bury the dead. Inside of these buildings were found paintings and artwork on the walls and ceilings which showed scenes of salvation. The catacombs of the Late Antiquity period were underground passageways which were used to bury the dead. Inside of the catacombs were cubicula’s which were small rooms known as mortuary chapels. The Loculi were the openings in the walls where the dead were received. During this period the earliest figure represented across the artwork found in many architectural triumphs and older buildings alike include is Christ in his role as the Good Shepherd. The altar’s location within the churches was significant, typically aligned toward the east. With Late Antiquity architecture, ambulatory was the passageway which surrounded the altar of a church. The apse was the endpoint of that altar’s location. The atrium was the courtyard of the church or of a Roman house. In Christian architecture, having an axially planned church was symbolic of an ideal and this took form in a basilica. From the clerestory, or third window of the church, one might have a better view of the sunken panel located inside of the ceiling, as well as the entrance into catacombs. It was common for a lunette to be present over a doorway, a crescent-shaped space, inside of which paintings or sculptures were held. Some of the more famous sculptures from this period include the Four Tetrarchs, which came from the Late Antiquity period around 305 A.D. The Emperor Diocletian converted the empire of the time into four administrative units each of which were governed by a tetrarch. The porphyry group was shown as all four looking alike in the statues and artwork in order to suggest unity and stability. Constantine was able to defeat the former tetrarch Maxentius during the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. The defeat was captured in the beautiful sculpture. Another sculpture is the colossal head of Constantine, which came from the Late Antiquity period and is dated to between 310 and 330 A.D. His head is like many statues of Constantine which were designed with a message: the open and unblinking eyes were meant to tell his people that he was always watching. One of the more famous large artistic pieces is the Ravenna in the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia. This mausoleum is covered with a beautiful painting which takes up the lunette over the doorway. It is dated to between 425 and 500 A.D. A piece of famous architecture from this period is the Basilica of Constantine located in Trier in Germany. This building represents a great many of the famous Late Antiquity aspects, including the clerestory, the sunken ceiling panels, the lunette, the apse, and the ambulatory. Churches during this time used a chalice, or cup, during their ceremonies. It was also heavily integrated into the artwork which came from that period. They also used the first four books, or Gospels written by the Four Evangelists. In the artwork from this time period Matthew was construed as an eagle. Mark was painted as a lion. Luke was portrayed as a bull. John was also painted as an eagle. The mausoleums or tombs were another type of building modeled artistically after Roman buildings. They were important because the burials took place outside of the city walls, while Christian churches sought to memorialize the dead and simultaneously show how unimportant the physical body was by incorporating the bodies into the ceremonies. This can be found in many artistic pieces. Purple was the imperial color, something which is seen throughout the artwork from this period. The Porphyry stone was reserved for the emperors because it had that bright purple color so regularly associated with the leadership of the time. These 10 facts should give you a good idea about the art in late antiquity. You may also check our 20 subtopics on this matter and a guide on how to write an informative essay on it. References: Brown, Peter Robert Lamont.  The world of late antiquity, AD 150-750. Harcourt College Pub, 1971. Davies, Penelope. Janson’s History of Art: The Western Tradition (Upper Saddle River, NJ 2006. Doar, Bruce G. The Great Wall of China: Tangible, Intangible and Destructable.China Heritage Newsletter  1 (Mar.-Apr. 2010). Print. Edmunds, Richard L.  Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy. Rep. no. 213. Chicago: University of Chicago: Department of Geography, 1985. Print. Fowden, Garth.  Empire to commonwealth: consequences of monotheism in late antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Mathews, Thomas F.  The clash of gods: a reinterpretation of early Christian art. Princeton University Press, 1999. Sambursky, Samuel.  The physical world of late antiquity. Princeton University Press, 2014.

Biological Molecules And Carbohydrates

Biological Molecules And Carbohydrates Quite simply, molecules are many atoms chemically bonded together. They are the most basic structural formation of an element and make up everything, from the air we breathe to ground we walk on. Some important molecules make up cells which are the most basic forms of life; every living thing is made up of cells. Cells mainly consist of water molecules but there are a number of other important biological molecules vital to allow life to exist. Macromolecules are among the most important as they can offer structural support to the cell, hold energy like a battery, act as a catalyst for biochemical reactions and store genetic information as well as having many other important functions. Macromolecules are formed of monomers – simple molecules that can bond together with others to form larger more complicated molecules. When two monomers react, they create a separate water molecule as monomers always have hydrogen and oxygen atoms in their molecular structure. A covalent bond is formed in the absence of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms, connecting the two monomers together. This is called a condensation reaction and it can continue happening until a large chain of molecules forms, eventually making a macromolecule. The reverse effect, called a hydrolysis reaction, can also occur where water will displace a covalent bond in a macromolecule reverting it back to a monomer though a catalyst is usually needed for this reaction to take place. The following image displays these reactions very well. These larger molecules are called polymers and macromolecules are biopolymers (naturally produced polymers). These consist of four types; the carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids with each type being made up of its own specific monomers. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are molecules made from the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are often called sugars and they supply a large percentage of energy to animal and human cells. The monomers of carbohydrate m acromolecules are called monosaccharides (simple sugars) with only one unit of sugar. All monosaccharides have the chemical structure (CH2O)n with n equalling 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 depending on the number of carbon atoms the monosaccharide has – for example as glyceraldehyde has three carbon atoms the formula will be C3H6O3 and as fructose has six carbon atoms the formula will be C6H12O6. Most monosaccharides form ring shaped molecular structures when dissolved in water (see below image, depicting glucoses three forms). One of the most common monosaccharides is glucose – a vital ingredient for almost all life on earth. Plants make this monomer by using photosynthesis in the following way (CH2O represents glucose). H2O + CO2 + Sunlight and Chlorophyll = (CH2O) + O2 When these simple monosaccharide monomers such as glucose join together to form carbohydrate polymers they become disaccharides (with two sugar units), oligosaccharides (between 3 and 10 units) and polysaccharides (10 or more units also known as complex carbohydrates). The term for this joining together is called glycosidic linkages where the molecules will covalently bond by a condensation reaction (mentioned in the introductions) with each other. The disaccharide sucrose is a polymer of glucose combined with fructose, and lactose is a polymer of glucose bonded with galactose – both of these are also known as table sugar and the sweetness in milk. Cellulose, a polysaccharide, is made from many thousand conjoined glucose molecules and is the main part of plant cell walls. Another polysaccharide, starch, is again made from a large amount of glucose molecules but it is found in many food stuffs such as many vegetables, seeds, grains and fruits. Starch is very useful in that it can be stored in reserves and broken down quickly to release the energy when it’s most needed – for example a deciduous tree will need starch in the winter when it can’t carry out photosynthesi s.

Operations Management - Just in Time and Material Resource Planning Essay

Operations Management - Just in Time and Material Resource Planning - Essay Example Let's look at an example of 2 Motorcycle manufacturers. The end product in this case is the motorcycle while the inventory required could vary from engine, engine components, wheel etc to nuts, bolts and spares. Manufacturer 1 stocks up inventory for all spares and components because he believes customer service could be better optimized with constant supply of materials. Accordingly, his relative requirement for working capital increases as he needs to invest more in procurement and storage of the components. Not having enough capital to invest, he also borrows capital and ends up paying interest for this purpose increasing his cost. Indeed he would in the this scenario like to pass o the burden to the consumer thereby scaling up the price of his product to cover his cost and still maintain his profit margin. To the contrary, Manufacturer 2 follows Just in Time inventory management system. He maintains excellent terms with his suppliers that they would as and when required immediately supply him with components required for his end product. Accordingly, his relative requirement for working capital is almost negligible as he does not have the requirement to block his capital for procurement and storage of the components.

Lysistrata by Aristophanes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lysistrata by Aristophanes - Essay Example Lysistrata then decides to summon all women and ask them to turn down any sexual requests from their husbands until the men decide to end the war. The heated conversation between the Commissioner and Lysistrata only highlights Lysistrata's sensibility. The women's power is further emphasized when they manage to scare away the Commissioner's police officers. Attempting to convince the Commissioner that war has cost women dearly and that a city should not be run with abrupt violence, Lysistrata uses an analogy of wool spinning-a common activity for women. The play approaches its reconciliation when the kings of Sparta and Athens both have an erection but are unable to have sex with their wives. The play then ends on a comic note with every man having an erection and desiring Lysistrata's naked maid while Lysistrata lectures them and has them sign the peace treaty. Although women in Lysistrata are able to influence war in Greence, they can only rely on their feminine sexuality and their husband's sexual desire to achieve such a political goal. In other words, on one hand Lysistrata wants women to assert their autonomy; on the other hand she exploits their sexuality. Thus, Lysistrata's only means to challenge men's authority is by using women as sexual objects. Lysistrata may be seen as a feminine figure as she arouses solidarity among women and takes the initiative to challenge the gender status quo in the country. On the surface, Lysistrata defies against the stereotypes of women set by men: domestic, docile, and obedience. However, by asking the women to refuse sex with their husbands to achieve the political goal, Lysistrata is in fact encouraging women to view their sexuality as a mere instrument, or a tool for them to achieve status quo with their husbands. Lysistrata displays her tendency to objectify women, just like their husbands do. For example, she gazes at Lampito and makes her feel like "a heifer come fair time." Lysistrata also scrutinizes Ismenia's vagina and the buttocks of the Korinthian Girl. Ironically, Lysistrata is examining the bodies of women as if she is a man while her goal is to define the gender inequality in Greece. While exploiting other women's sexuality, Lysistrata denies her femininity and she may be the most masculine character in the play. Lysistrata instructs the women to play on male stereotypes, that is, men have boundless sexual desire, while becoming more masculine herself. The only way Lysistrata can gain and retain her power is by rejecting not only the frailty, but also the femininity of women. In other words, Lysistrata can only empower herself as a woman by not acting like one. This complicates the argument that Lysistrata is a feminist play. According to the historical context of Ancient Greece, all characters in the play will be played by male actors in front of male audiences. This will inevitably affect the sexual tension of the play. In this particular context, the play may be viewed as a piece of male-oriented instead of feminist work as it allows the male audience to mock the "empowerment" of women with the overall comical tone of the play. The fact that there are no real women on stage and that Lysistrata is a masculine character suggests that Aristophanes does not intend to make the play an advocacy for female political autonomy. Ultimately, it is the men who have the power to change the

The London Toile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The London Toile - Essay Example The urban landscape in many UK cities seems to be changing all the time, modern buildings have become icons that give us a strong sense of identity, and there fore the London Toile seemed a perfect expression of where we were coming from.I could go on and on, but to sum things up we do love some of the traditional designs from the past, but its great fun to give them a new angle, to make them speak to us in the present.   This fabric speaks so much about the lifestyle of the romantic, peaceful and carefree London. Printed in the fabric, were green different images of the romantic and carefree lifestyles in contrast to a cream linen which made it more beautiful and attractive.  There are 8 images injected to a bright cream fabric, showered with flying and feeding doves were a images of lovers overlooking the Great London Bridge across the lake under the tree infront of bench. It is such a very romantic site which made this fabric perfectly ideal for lovers, designed to fit on sofa sets, love rests or even   curtains in a lovers bedroom.  Next to this image is the city itself, overlooked across the ocean with a lone man walking away from it. This peaceful and solemn serenity of the scene depicts the mood of the sunset, being ready for a relaxing dinner and sleep on your way to your home. Having this fabric hanged in your living room makes you feel that you are glad to be home with your family, celebrating the union before the end of the day.Timorous Beasties have not actually changed much in the Toile concept.

Sepsis Infection Causes and Effects

Sepsis Infection Causes and Effects Sepsis affects 18 million people worldwide each year (Slade et al 2003). Sepsis remains life threatening and mortality rate remains high approximately 40-50 % (Opport et al2005). We, nurses in all areas of practice, will care for septic patients during our professional carreer.Many nurses receive little training in how to identify sepsis or how important early and aggressive treatment to help prevent the condition. I am very interested to discuss about sepsis, because I have looked after many patients with sepsis. The aim of this essay is to raise awareness of sepsis, so that nurses will have a greater understanding of this condition and feel more confident in the identification and treatment. The definition of sepsis is the presence of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) criteria in the patients with a new infection. Once sepsis becomes complicated by a dysfunction in one or more organs, this defines severe sepsis. Bacteria cause 90% cases of sepsis. They are two types, gram negative and gram positive. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobactor, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia, Proteus and Bacteroides fragilis are the gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Alpha and beta-hemolytic streptococci are the gram-positive bacteria (Edwards 2001). Gram-negative bacterial infection causes most cases of sepsis. Viruses or fungi can also cause sepsis, particularly Candida spp (Cohen et al 2004). The surviving sepsis campaign (formed in2002) is an international collaboration to improve the diagnosis, management and treatment of sepsis. The main aims of the campaign are: To increase the awareness of sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock among health care staff and the public. Develop evidence-based guidelines for the management of severe sepsis. Ensure that the guidelines put into practice to create a global standard of care for patients with sepsis. Reduce the mortality from sepsis worldwide by 25 percent in the five years following the publication of evidence-based guidelines in 2004 (Dellinger et al 2004). It is essential that nurses are aware of the evidence-based guidelines as our role is crucial to the success of the campaign. Nurses are in an ideal position to identify the first signs of a patient developing sepsis, and the sooner treatment begins the less likely the condition is to spread and result in organ dysfunction or failure (Ahrens and Tuggle 2004). Infection is a major reason for patients admitted to hospitals and some patients may develop infections while in hospital (DH2003). Infection can found in any system of the body. The most common sources of infection that can lead to sepsis are: Respiratory tract: community-acquired pneumonia or health care-associated pneumonia. Intra-abdominal-cavity: infection might result from diverticulitis, appendicitis, perforated bowel, and ischemic or necrotic bowel. Central nervous system-such as meningitis. Genitourinary system: urosepsis is an infection, which might result from an obstruction in the urinary system, or catheter related infection. Skin: wound infections, cellulitis or necrotizing infections of the skin and soft tissues with rapid destruction of tissue, such as necrotizing fasciitis. Intravascular Catheters: any invasive catheters (central venous catheter or peripheral canulae. Many organ systems may affect during the sepsis syndrome. Respiratory system: As the effects of of sepsis progress, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may occur. During sepsis, there is a decrease in the performance of the ventillatory muscles, which leads to hypercapneic ventillatory failure and respiratory arrest These happens when metabolic demands on the ventillatory muscles. Tachypnoea,hypoxia and respiratory alkalosis are associated with the early onset of ARDS, followed after 48 hours by pulmonary infiltrates and respiratory failure (Mortelliti Manning). Sepsis leads to an increase in lung permeability, the sequestration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and respiratory failure. These affect the function of respiratory system (Nagase, Uzumi Ishii). Cardio vascular system: The dysfunction of cardio vascular system is also observed in patients with sepsis, where both the heart and blood vessels show hypersensitivity. An increased amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines and vasoactive substances is present during sepsis. Following the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, production of nitric oxide is increase in both the vascular endothelium and smooth muscle. This leads to a fall in systemic vascular resistance, thereby hypotension (Patterson Webster). Renal Dysfunction: Normally, the kidney regulates perfusion and glomerular filtration via autoregulation, which is dependent on the afferent and efferent arterioles. Autoregulation of the kidney, is affected during sepsis. Coagulation system: Sepsis often associated with a disorder of coagulation secondary to the cytokine-mediated activation of the coagulation pathway. This secondary disorder, known as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It causes bleeding and micro vascular thrombi, both implicated in multiple organ failure and soft-tissue damage (Meijers Bouma). Diagnosis can base on the presence of fever and other abnormalities of vital signs, as well as the presence of one or more organ dysfunctions that are not the original site of infection or trauma (Ahamed). Sepsis syndrome is characterized by; alteration in body temperature regulation, tachycardia, lowered systemic vascular resistance, respiratory alkalosis, leococytosis, leucopenia and some form of organ dysfunction(Chistman, Holden and Blackhell).It does not discriminate between different ages, underlying disease, genetic background, infecting micro-organisms or sites of infection. Sepsis can occur in people who were previously healthy. The infecting organism may be a temporary defect in the hosts defense. Defects may be located in specific or non-specific cellular barriers, humoral immunity barriers and physical barriers such as the skin or mucous membranes and reflexes such as cough and peristalsis (Maskin, Fountain and Spinedi et al). In understanding the changes that happen to the body in severe sepsis, it is helpful to remind ourselves of the changes that occur during the normal immune response. Cells damaged by infection from bacteria, viruses, chemical agents or trauma produce the same non-specific defensive response of inflammation. Regardless of the cause, inflammation has three basic phases; vasodialatation and increased permeability of blood vessels; emigration of phagocytes; and tissue repair (Tortora and Grabowski, 2000). Vasodilatation brings more blood to the damaged area, and the increased permeability allows phagocytes and antibodies to pass out from the circulation. The clotting cascade is also activated. Clot formation is part of the normal immune response, and may be the bodys attempt to confine any invading organism to one area of body (Ahrens and Vollman, 2003). This inflammatory response and activation of the clotting system is to repair damaged tissues and prevent further damage. Clinical assessment is important in patients with sepsis. Any patients who triggers early warning score, should be assessed initially using the ABCDE approach. This systemic approach ensures that the life threatening problems are assessed and managed in order of importance. The Resuscitation Council 2006 also recommends that clinical staff should follow ABCDE approach when assessing and treating critically ill patients. It is sensible to adopt this systemic approach to the assessment of sepsis patient (ABC of sepsis). Airway: An assessment should be made of the patency of airway. If patient is alert and talking, there is less chance of an airway problem. Breathing: The bodys demand for oxygen rises in sepsis. As demand outstrips supply, lactic acidosis occurs. These processes combine to elevate the respiratory rate. The depth and pattern of respiratory rate should evaluate in addition to any asymmetry of chest movement. Listen for abnormal sounds include expiratory wheeze, suggesting obstruction of the lower airway and crepitating suggest the secretion, pulmonary oedema or consolidation. If a respiratory problem is identified, attention should be given to oxygen therapy and to the possible need for bronchodilators and physiotherapy. The response to therapy should be assessing repeatedly. Pulse oximetry is mandatory, and ABG and chest X-ray is helpful. Circulation: Attention should pay to the colour of the skin, particularly peripherally. Pallor is suggestive of hypo perfusion and may suggest a low cardiac output. Heart sound should auscultate to seek murmur. Feel for the peripheral skin temperature. In decompensated sepsis, where the cardiac output begins to fall, the peripheries may appear cool. Capillary refill time is useful test of perfusion. The heart rate and rhythm should asses by palpitation of peripheral pulses. Disability: Sepsis can produce confusion, agitation and reduced conscious level due to reduced cerebral perfusion. Fluid resuscitation can restore cerebral function. It is important to check blood sugar because; hypoglycemia can also produce these signs and is readily correctable. The conscious level can quickly asses and communicate using the AVPU scale.( A-Alert,V-responds to voice,P-responds to pain,U-unresponsive). Exposure: The patient should be examined from head to toe seeking the source of sepsis. Consideration should be given to the patients dignity during this assessment, and it should be recognized that exposure can cause rapid temperature loss. Therefore, it is essential to check peripheral temperature. When treating patients with sepsis, the first hour known as the golden hour because the treatment given or not given during that time can have significant impact on the survival (ACS 1997).To be able to treat patients in the `golden hour` we must first be able to recognize it confidently. Studies have shown that patients admitted to intensive care unit from the wards are often not referred early enough. Sometimes receive suboptimal care, which can increase patients mortality (McQuillan et al1998).Vincent et al 2002 suggest that some patients with sepsis are recognized late and are not treated appropriately before transfer to ICU. In March 2004, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign produced comprehensive guidelines on the management of patients with severe sepsis. Initial treatment within one hour of diagnosis is, Give supplemental oxygen therapy, via facemask, to achieve SpO2>94%. Obtain blood specimen lactate, full blood count, urea and electrolytes, glucose, liver function tests, coagulation screen and blood culture two sets. Samples from sputum, urine, wound swab etc as appropriate. Blood cultures should be taken before antibiotics are given to identify any microorganisms that may be in the blood and it should from a peripheral vein and from any invasive catheters that the patient may have in situ.Blood cultures are not always positive in patient with sepsis. Cohen et al (2004) suggest that care should take when obtaining blood cultures to prevent them becoming contaminated and giving a false positive result. Administer intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics. In severe sepsis antibiotics should be given within one hour of diagnosis (Dellinger et al, 2004). Giving prompt antibiotic therapy may reduce mortality by 10-15 percent, compared with patients in whom antibiotic therapy is delayed (Wheeler Bernard, 1999). Any septic patient who has a lactate level above 4mmol/L should be considered to have severe sepsis even if the blood pressure is within the normal range. If patient is hypotensive, fluid resuscitate up to 3boluses of 500ml normal saline to maintain MAP>65/systolic 100mmhg (Trusts sepsis care pathway). Consider catheterization to maintain fluid balance. If the patient have signs of severe sepsis, needs referral to ICU. Signs of severe sepsis are; Systolic blood pressure below 90mmHg or MAP below 65mmHg, lactate above 2mmol/L, urine output below 0.5ml/kg/hr for 2 hours, INR above1.5, bilirubin above 34mol/L, platelets below 100mol/L, creatinine above 177mmol/L. Some patients develop severe sepsis from infections they acquire while in hospital. One in ten NHS hospital patients are affected by healthcare associated infections(HCAIs) each year(DH2003).The most common of these infections are urinary infections as a result of indwelling urinary catheters and pneumonia.Therefore,nurses must make continued efforts to play an active part in reducing the number of HCAIs as this can potentially lead to fewer patients developing sepsis . Ahrens and Tuggle (2004) suggest that it may also be beneficial to raise the publics awareness of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign and the warning signs of developing sepsis. This may help to achieve the main aim of the campaign, which is to reduce mortality.Sepsis, is a common condition and can be fatal. A good knowledge of the signs and symptoms of sepsis is the key to prompt recognition. Every patient suspected having sepsis should have blood taken for a serum lactate level. In patients with severe sepsis, early aggressive treatment and adherence to evidence-based guidelines can help to save lives. In addition, efforts to reduce HCAIs can aid in the reduction of the incidence of sepsis.

Unidentified Flying Objects: Fact or Fiction? :: essays papers

Unidentified Flying Objects: Fact or Fiction? Unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, as they're fondly called, are one of the century's most intriguing and controversial mysteries. Since ancient times, UFOs of all types have been accounted for. More today than ever, hundreds of thinkers, theologians, and scientists have tried to answer why there are or whether there aren't UFOs. According to some, the speculation that UFOs are alien spacecrafts from another world is an absurd and foolish proposal. Others vehemently disagree and assert that extraterrestrial life is not only possible, but such life forms may be superior, technologically advanced beings who visit our Earth regularly. Are these "flying saucers" a figment of our imagination? Or, are they a genuine reality we prefer to dismiss because we fear the scary truth that we are not the only master race? Are we hesitant because society dubs such "immature" psycho tantamount to subscribing to belief in ghosts? These are a few of the many pertinent UFO questions the mature individual must address. One of the most popular theories that support and explains the existence of alien beings is the ancient astronaut theory. This theory contains three main schools of thought. The first states that aliens bred with our primitive forebears thereby creating modern man. The second is quite similar. Aliens performed genetic engineering on apes thereby creating the Homo Sapiens and man's intelligence. The third, and least accepted, is that colonists from another galaxy came to Earth, mated with the primitives and established a high level of culture, before being destroyed by some natural catastrophe. And upon this catastrophe and destruction, we build and grow (Fitzgerald 1). Berossus, a Babylonian scholar, may have been the first astronaut historian. He said that " animals endowed with reason" bestowed the Sumerian culture before 3000 BCE. The Sumerians, along with their cultural inheritors, the Babylonians, never referred to such beings as gods. Rather they were depicted as "disgusting abominations," a description only deserved by uninvited alien visitors (2). One step further takes the astronaut theory and surmises that with it, we can understand the later religious cultures, such as the Hebrews who are thought to have borrowed much of Sumerian practice. Such religions and secret societies, with their elaborate and complicated rituals may actually be "preserving from a previous epoch fragments of an esoteric and little understood knowledge, just as the Egyptian, Hebrew, and Mayan priests guarded in their temples the inspired word of their self-possessed creators (3)." Alien originators may have set down certain

ICRC and onternational law Essay

The ICRC started when Swiss businessman Henri Dunant traveled to Italy to meet with Emperor Napoleon III of France . Before he reached Napoleon he first passed through the town of Solferino where a battle was fought. On that day over 40,000 soliders on both sides fell; many were left to die on the battlefield without adequate care. Henry Dunant was shocked by the terrible aftermath of the battle. Instead of proceeding with his planned trip he spent the next few days tending to the wounded. Through his example, the local population began to administer aid without discrimination. When he returned home, he wrote a book called A Memory of Solferino. He sent copies of the book to political and military leaders throughout Europe . He advocated the formation of a national voluntary relief organization to help nurse the wounded and for the development of international treaties to safeguard the neutrality and protect those wounded on the battlefield. By February 9, 1863, Henry Dunant founded the Committee of the Five as an investigatory commission of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare. Their aim was to examine the feasibility of Dunant’s ideas and to organize an international conference about their possible implementation. In October 26, 1863, the international conference organized by the Committee was held in Geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battlefield. A conference attended by many European states resolved the following: The foundation of national relief societies for wounded soldiers. Neutrality and protection for those wounded. Utilizing volunteer forces for relief assistance on the battlefield. The organization of additional conferences to enact these concepts in legally binding international treaties. The introduction of a common distinctive protective symbol for medical personnel in the field, specifically a white armlet bearing the red cross. Within a year, specific grounds were developed for the recognition of a national relief society by the International Committee; namely: The national society must be recognized by its own national government as a relief society according to the convention, and the national government of the respective country must be a state party to the Geneva Convention. The Commission’s first great achievement occurred on 22 August 1864 when the conference adopted the first Geneva Convention â€Å"for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in the Armies in the field. † A total of four Geneva Conventions have been passed since then. With successive conventions aimed an improving or updating previous conventions to ensure that they are up to date with current technology and norms. Today there are 185 national Red Cross societies and over 1,330 employees directly under the ICRC assigned to field operations. All thanks to the initiative of one man. III. ICRC as a Driving Force in IHL The ICRC draws its authority to act principally from the Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols. The Geneva Conventions from the First to the Fourth are the primary international treaties that limit the cruelty of war. They are meant to protect people who do not take part in the fighting, such as civilians, medics and aid workers. They also protect hors de combat or those who no longer have the means to continue fighting such as the wounded, sick, shipwrecked or those who have surrendered. The Geneva Conventions have been acceded to by 194 States and enjoy universal acceptance as a form of custom. The Geneva Conventions then are the primary documents governing International Humanitarian Law and the main overseer of International Humanitarian Law is the ICRC. However, the provisions of the present Convention constitute no obstacle to the humanitarian activities which the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other impartial humanitarian organization may, subject to the consent of the Parties to the conflict concerned, undertake for the protection of civilian persons and for their relief[2]. Article 10 is of considerable value in the field of international law because faced with the barbaric reality of war, the law continues to be realistic and humane. It keeps in mind the object of the Convention, namely the protection of human life and peace between man and man, conscious that it is only a means. (a ridiculously weak means compared to the forces of war) of attaining this goal. When everything has been settled by legal means –ordinary and extraordinary—by assigning rights and duties, by obligations laid upon the belligerents and by the mission of the protecting powers, a corner was still found for something which no legal text can prescribe. However this niche was the most effective means of combating war. That niche is charity or the spirit of peace. This is where Article 10’s symbolic value can be seen. Through it, Henry Dunant’s action on the field of battle in Solferino. Article 10 is more than a tribute to Henry Dunant. It is an invitation to all men of good will to continue his work[3]. In order for the ICRC and subordinate National Commissions to effectively perform their role, members are granted considerable rights and privileges. For example, all Red Cross members have the right to wear the Red Cross, (or crescent in Muslim States). Wearing this mark affords immunity, for all practical purposes from violence by the combatants because, as outlined in Additional Protocol No. 1 of the Geneva Conventions[4] the Red Cross is the mark associating a vehicle, person or building with the ICRC and is sacrosanct and protected[5]. However, any use not expressly authorized by International Humanitarian Law constitutes misuse of the emblem and releases combatants from the obligation to respect the symbol. The types of misuse are Imitation, Usurpation and Perfidy. In fact, Improper use of distinctive emblems in a war crime committed when, in an international armed conflict, an intent to use them for combatant purposes prohibited under international law[6]. Owing to the ICRC’s unique position as the actual commission that proposes and puts forth the Geneva Conventions and other major IHL documents, it can be said that ICRC is the Organization that created IHL. The latter will of course continue to develop as time goes by. Other documents of international law respecting human rights and with respect to international crimes have evolved since then. But International Humanitarian Law began with Henry Dunant and his desire to help the wounded in Solferino.

Wee shall be as a City upon a Hill Essay

God almighty in His most holy and wise providence hath so disposed of the condition of mankind, as in all times some must be rich, some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity, others mean and in subjection. Reason: First, to hold conformity with the rest of His works, being delighted to show forth the glory of His wisdom in the variety and difference of the creatures and the glory of His power, in ordering all these differences for the preservation and good of the whole. Reason: Secondly, that He might have the more occasion to manifest the work of His spirit. First, upon the wicked in moderating and restraining them, so that the rich and mighty should not eat up the poor, nor the poor and despised rise up against their superiors and shake off their yoke. Secondly, in the regenerate in exercising His graces in them, as in the great ones, their love, mercy, gentleness, temperance, etc., in the poor and inferior sort, their faith, patience, obedience, etc. Reason: Thirdly, that every man might have need of other, and from hence they might all be knit more nearly together in the bond of brotherly affection. From hence it appears plainly that no man is made more honorable than another, or more wealthy, etc., out of any particular and singular respect to himself, but for the glory of his creator and the common good of the creature, man. Thus stands the cause between God and us. We are entered into covenant with Him for this work, we have taken out a commission, the Lord hath given us leave to draw our own articles we have professed to enterprise these actions upon these and these ends, we have hereupon besought Him of favor and blessing. Now if the Lord shall please to hear us, and bring us in peace to the place we desire, then hath He ratified this covenant and sealed our commission, [and] will expect a strict performance of the articles contained in it, but if we shall neglect the observations of these articles which are the ends we have propounded, and dissembling with our God, shall fall to embrace this present world and prosecute our carnal intentions seeking great things for ourselves and our posterity, the Lord will surely break out in wrath against us, be revenged of such a perjured people, and make us know the price of the breach of such a covenant. Now the only way to avoid this shipwreck and to provide for our posterity is to follow the counsel of Micah, to do justly, to love mercy, to walk humbly with our God. For this end we must be knit together in this work as one man, we must entertain each other in brotherly affection, we must be willing to abridge ourselves of our superfluities for the supply of others’ necessities, we must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekness, gentleness, patience, and liberality, we must delight in each other, make others’ conditions our own, rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the work, our community as members of the same body So shall we keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace. The Lord will be our God and delight in all our ways, so that we shall see much more of His wisdom, power, goodness, and truth than formerly we have been acquainted with. We shall find that the God of Israel is among us, when ten of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies, when He shall make us a praise and glory, that men shall say of succeeding plantations, the Lord make it like that of New England. For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and byword throughout the world, we shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God and all professors for God’s sake, we shall shame the faces of many of God’s worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us till we be consumed out of the good land whither we are going. And to shut up this discourse with that exhortation of Moses, that faithful servant of the Lord in His last farewell to Israel, Deut. 30., Beloved there is now set before us life and good, death and evil, in that we are commanded this day to love the Lord our God, and to love one another, to walk in His ways and to keep His commandments and His ordinance, and His laws, and the articles of our covenant with Him that we may live and be multiplied, and that the Lord our God my bless us in the land whither we go to possess it. But if our hearts shall turn away so that we will not obey, but shall be seduced and worship other Gods, our pleasures, our profits, and serve them, it is propounded unto us this day we shall surely perish out of the good land whither we pass over this vast sea to possess it. Therefore let us choose life, that we, and our seed, may live, and by obeying His voice, and cleaving to Him, for He is our life and our prosperity. View as multi-pages